Biomarker fatty acid

Quinones, lipid-soluble substances involved in electron transport, can also be used as biomarkers. Lipski et al. (155) u.sed quinone analyses, physiological tests, and fatty acid profiles to differentiate Gram-negative non-fermentative bacteria isolated from biofilters. Quinone type was found to be an efficient method to group isolates prior to the analysis of results from the physiological tests. The detection of quinones appears to be restricted to the discrimination of isolated colonies and has limited potential to the analysis of mixed populations. 

Biochemical tests are usually performed after pure cultures have been obtained. The standard indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, and litmus milk tests may be used to show important physiological characteristics. To study the functional diversity of bacteria, the utilization of carbohydrates, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, amino acids, polymers, and other carbon and nitrogen sources can be tested.28 Dilution-based most-probable number (MPN) techniques with phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers have been employed for studying different bacterial species in lakes.40 The patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from natural waters have been useful for identifying sources of water pollution.34... 

The example of a total extract composition of a tropical soil from the Amazon, Brazil, shows mycose as the major compound, numerous other monosaccharides, lipid components such as fatty acids and fatty alcohols, and natural product biomarkers (Fig. 9a). The mycose and elevated levels of the other saccharides reflect the efficient fungal/microbial degradation of plant detritus in the tropics. This can be compared to the saccharides in the soil from an almond orchard in California, where glucose and mycose are the main sugars with lipids, sterols and triterpenoids (Fig. 9b, ). 

Cabanes, A., Wang, M., Olivo, S., Gustafsson, J., and Hilakivi-Clarke, L. (2003). Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on breast cancer progression. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12 (1305S). 

Recent research using NMR has revealed novel noninvasive biomarkers for peroxisomal proliferation. These are two breakdown products of NAD detectable in plasma by HPLC. These reflect the increased demand and production of NAD for oxidation metabolism such as (3-oxidation of fatty acids. This biomarker will be useful in studies in humans, especially clinical trials of more potent lipid-lowering drugs. 

Fatty acid biomarkers reflecting milk intake help address issues associated with self-reported dietary intake data such as memory bias, over-and underreporting, and issues with methodological tools utilized to acquire dietary data (Trabulsi and Schoeller, 2001). 

Two saturated fatty acids, pentadecanoic acid (15 0) and heptadeca-noic acid (17 0), in adipose tissue (Baylin et al., 2002) and serum lipids (Smedman et al., 1999 Sun et al., 2007a Wolk et al., 1998) have been proposed and validated as biomarkers of dietary ruminant fat intake, that is, mainly from milk fat and to lesser extent from ruminant meat. The human body is unable to synthesize fatty acids with an uneven number of carbon atoms, whereas ruminal microbes of cows have this ability (Wu and Palmquist, 1991). To measure the content of 15 0 and/or 17 0 in plasma lipids or adipose tissue is consequently a way to estimate the milk fat intake. It is known that the proportion of 15 0 and 17 0... 

Likewise in the single study involving type 2 diabetes, Krachler et al. (2008) measured 15 0 and 17 0 in erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and investigated their relation to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study included 159 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 291 sex- and age-matched controls. Higher proportions of 15 0 and 17 0 were associated with a lower risk of diabetes. After adjustment for BMI, HbAlc, alcohol intake, smoking, and physical activity, the association between the milk fat biomarkers and diabetes remained (Krachler et al., 2008). 

Arab, L. (2003). Biomarkers of fat and fatty acid intake.. Nutr. 133(Suppl. 3), 925S-932S. 

Baylin, A. and Campos, H. (2006). The use of fatty acid biomarkers to reflect dietary intake. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 17, 22-27. 

Baylin, A., Kabagambe, E. K., Siles, X., and Campos, H. (2002). Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 750-757. 

Hodson, L., Skeaff, C. M., and Fielding, B. A. (2008). Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake. Prog. Lipid Res. 47,... 

Inflammation is an important factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. Most clinical studies involving inflammation parameters have been relatively small. The Nurses Health Study involving 727 women was the largest study designed to determine the effects of n-3 fatty acids on biomarkers of inflammation and endothelium activation (Lopez-Garcia et al., 2004). They found an inverse association between ALA intake and plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (a marker for inflammation), Interlukin-6, and E-selectin. Bemelmans et al. (2004) also found an inverse association between C-reactive protein and ALA intake in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study involving 103 hypercholesterolemic subjects. 

Lopez-Garcia, E., Schulze, M.B., and Manson, J.A.E. 2004. Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in women. J. Nutr. 134, 1806-1811. 

Mannisto, S., Pietinen, P., and Virtanen, M J. 2003. Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study in male smokers. Cancer Epidmol. Biomarkers. Prev. 12, 1422-1428. 

Saadatian-Elahi, M., Norat, T., and Goudable, J. 2004. Biomarkers of dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of breast cancer A meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 111, 584-591. 

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