Fatty acid intake

The saturated fatty acids, stearic [57-11-4] and palmitic [57-10-3], are found in animal fats and dairy products. Extensive studies point to the deleterious effect of these acids on arterial walls as a result it is recommended that saturated fatty acid intake be carefully controlled and intake limited (23). 

Some of the fatty acids found in the diets of developed nations (often 1 to 10 g of daily fatty acid intake) are trans fatty acids— fatty acids with one or more double bonds in the trans configuration. Some of these derive from dairy fat and ruminant meats, but the bulk are provided by partially hydrogenated vegetable or fish... 

Encourage good nutrition (with regular protein and essential fatty acid intake), exercise, adequate sleep, stress reduction, and psychosocial therapy... 

Adrenoleukodystrophy is an X-linked dysmyelinative disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes the peroxisomal integral membrane ALD protein, a member of the ATP binding cassette transporter family. These mutations result in impaired clearance of plasma very-long-chain fatty acids. Affected males may present with symmetrical distal axonal polyneuropathy, adrenocortical insufficiency or CNS demyelination, while occasional heterozygous women demonstrate deficits suggestive of multiple sclerosis [56]. Manipulation of dietary fatty acid intake has some minimal therapeutic effect, while bone marrow transplantation has diminished deficits in a few patients. (See in Ch. 41.)... 

Korotkova, M., Telemo, E., Flanson, L. A., and Strandvik, B. (2004). Modulation of neonatal immunological tolerance to ovalbumin by maternal essential fatty acid intake. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 15,112-122. 

Jenkins, D., T. Wolever, E. Vidgen, et al. Effect of psyllium in hypercholesterolemia at two monounsaturated fatty acid intakes. Amer J Clin Nutr 1997 65(5) 1524-1533. 

Data on the proportions of different fatty acids in plasma lipid esters (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids, or triacylglycerol), erythrocyte membranes, or adipose tissue may provide a more objective and accurate path to evaluating dietary fatty acid composition (Arab, 2003 Baylin and Campos, 2006). The fatty acid composition in blood and body tissues reflects the fatty acid composition of the diet at different time points after ingestion. Short and medium-term changes in the composition of dietary fatty acid intake are reflected in plasma lipids and erythrocyte membranes, weeks and months after intake, respectively. The incorporation of fatty acids in adipose tissue reflects long-term changes in the diet (years) (Baylin and Campos, 2006 Katan et al., 1997 Ma et al., 1995 Zock et al, 1997). 

Arab, L. (2003). Biomarkers of fat and fatty acid intake.. Nutr. 133(Suppl. 3), 925S-932S. 

Baylin, A., Kabagambe, E. K., Siles, X., and Campos, H. (2002). Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 750-757. 

Within the last decade, the health benefits of ALA have been documented in numerous studies and may be related to an improved n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake. Nettleton (2003) summarized the recommendations of leading health organizations regarding the proper ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake. Most organizations agree that a 5 1 to 10 1 n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio is preferred (Institute of Medicine, 2002 WHO/FAO, 2003). However, a typical western diet has an n-6 to n-3 fatty add ratio well beyond 10 1 thus, flaxseed can be a valuable lipid source to improve the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio due to the high n-3 content of flaxseed oil. 

Clandinin, M.T., Foxwell, A., and Goh, Y.K. 1997. Omega-3 fatty acid intake results in a relationship between the fatty acid composition of LDL cholesterol ester and LDL cholesterol content in humans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1346, 247-252. 

Saadatian-Elahi, M., Norat, T., and Goudable, J. 2004. Biomarkers of dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of breast cancer A meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 111, 584-591. 

The early studies on CHD demonstrated that saturated fatty acids and cholesterol increase, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease plasma cholesterol levels, and that cholesterol levels are associated with CHD risk, led to the diet-heart or lipid hypothesis of CHD. Conversely, it followed that lowering the intake of saturated fatty acids and increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake will lower plasma cholesterol levels, which in turn will reduce the risk of CHD. 

Ascherio, A., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., Master, C., Stampfer, M.J., Willet, W.C. 1994. Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 89, 94—101. 

Bolton-Smith, C., Woodward, M., Fenton, S., Brown, C.A. 1996. Does dietary trans fatty acid intake relate to the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Scotland Eur. Heart J. 17,837-845. 

Oomen, C.M., Ocke, M.C., Feskens, E.J.M., van Erp-Baart, M-A.J., Kok, F.J., Kromhout, D. 2001. Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study a prospective population-based study. Lancet. 357, 746-751. 

Not all the double bonds are hydrogenated, of course margarine manufacturers are desperate to tell us that their products are still high in unsaturated fatty acids . Many also advertise that they are low in trans unsaturated fatty acids, because of a suggested link between incidence of coronary heart disease and trans unsaturated fatty acid intake. 

ValkEE and HornstraG (2000) Relationship between vitaminE requirement and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in man a review. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 70,31-42. 

Cantwell MM, Hynn MA, Cronin D, O Neill JP, Gibney MJ. 30. Contribution of foods to trans unsaturated fatty acid intake in a... 

Hu FB, Bronner L, Willett WC, Stampfer Ml, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Hunter D, Manson JE. Eish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 2002 287 1815-1821. 

Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Med. 2002 112 298-304. Psota TL, Gebauer SK, Kris-Eflierton P, Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006 98(suppl) 3i-18i. 

Reduce intake of fat-soluble vitamins Reduce essential fatty acids intake Compensatory energy intake Increase cost... 

Extensive reviews on feeding of fats to animals have been prepared (64, 65). It has been reported that feeding fats at high levels to ruminants decreases digestibility of protein and fat by overwhelming the fat absorption capacity (66). Fatty acid intake affected fatty acid digestibility quadratically. 

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