Reactor biochemical

One of the most important biochemical reactors is the fermentor. We provided a simple example of a batch fermentor in Chapter 4. But there are many other types including continuous, batch, and fed-batch. There are some other useful references in the literature.16-17 

Richards and J. P. Congalidis, Measurement and control of polymerization reactors, Comput. Chem. Eng., 30, 1447-1463 (2006). 

Asteausuain, A. Bandoni, C. Sarmoria, and A. Brandolin, Simultaneous process and control system design for grade transition in styrene polymerization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 61, 3362-3378 (2006). 

Bequette, Process Control Modeling, Design, and Simulation, Prentice-Hall, 2003. 

Early chapters focused on homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, since these are the two major systems with which practicing engineers are concerned. However, there are also many important biological/biochemical reactors, and systems. This has become a major growth industry for engineers. 

On a personal note, the author views this topic as the application of engineering, mathematics, and physical sciences to principles in engineering biology and medicine. Interestingly, the terms biophysics and bioengineering either involve the impaction of physics or engineering with either biology or medicine. 

Because of the broad nature of this subject, this chapter addre. ses only intnxiuc-tory matter as it applies to biochemical engineering. The reader is refened to three excellent references in the literature for an extensive and comprehensive treatment of this new discipline.  

In conclusion, this subject area encompasses an important vital interdisciplinary field. The ultimate role of the practicing engineer and the profession is to serve society. The great potential, challenge, and promise in this relatively new endeavor offers bmh technological and humanitarian benefits. The possibilities appear to be unlimited. 

This subject has served as the title for numerous books. Condensing (his subject matter into one chapter was a particularly difficult task. In the end, the author decided 

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The performance of a biochemical reactor is designed and evaluated based the reaction rate equation. The rate of biomass generation is based on the Monod rate model ... 

Chemical Engineering, Volume 3, Third edition Chemical Biochemical Reactors Process Control Edited by J. F. Richardson and D. G. Peacock... 

Most biochemical reactors operate with dilute reactants so that they are nearly isothermal. This means that the packed-bed model of Section 9.1 is equivalent to piston flow. The axial dispersion model of Section 9.3 can be applied, but the correction to piston flow is usually small and requires a numerical solution if Michaehs-Menten kinetics are assumed. 

Once the product specifications have been fixed, some decisions need to be made regarding the reaction path. There are sometimes different paths to the same product. For example, suppose ethanol is to be manufactured. Ethylene could be used as a raw material and reacted with water to produce ethanol. An alternative would be to start with methanol as a raw material and react it with synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to produce the same product. These two paths employ chemical reactor technology. A third path could employ a biochemical reaction (or fermentation) that exploits the metabolic processes of microorganisms in a biochemical reactor. Ethanol could therefore also be manufactured by fermentation of a carbohydrate. 

Reactions can be catalyzed using the metabolic pathways in microorganisms or the direct use of enzymes in biochemical reactors. The use of enzymes directly can have... 

A similar level of automation is found in the biochemical industry. Although the volumes of production of biochemicals are smaller by several orders of magnitude than those of bulk chemicals, companies that operate fermentors and other types of biochemical reactors must still work within... 

Imagine that we wish to control automatically a biochemical reactor in which fermentation is taking place (Figure 9.3). 

Atkinson, B, Biochemical Reactors, Pion Limited, 1974 Lee, J M, Biochemical Engineering, Prentice-Hall, 1992... 

Richardson, J.F. and Peacock, D.G. (1994) Coulson Richardson s Chemical Engineering, Vol. 3 Chemical Biochemical Reactors Process Control, Pergamon. 

Volumes 1, 2 and 3 form an integrated series with the fundamentals of fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in the first volume, the physical operations of chemical engineering in this, the second volume, and in the third volume, the basis of chemical and biochemical reactor design, some of the physical operations which are now gaining in importance and the underlying theory of both process control and computation. The solutions to the problems listed in Volumes 1 and 2 are now available as Volumes 4 and 5 respectively. Furthermore, an additional volume in the series is in course of preparation and will provide an introduction to chemical engineering design and indicate how the principles enunciated in the earlier volumes can be translated into chemical plant. 

This study is also based on the cyclic enzyme system, butits leading concept is to accomplish practical implementation of this system using biomaterials. In this respect, the analytical models developed here are related to several biochemical reactors in which enzymic reactions take place. This practical approach cannot be found in the models reviewed [76-86,109-122]. 

The research was carried out on two main avenues. The first is a theoretical investigation in which analytical models were developed and their characteristics were studied by numerical simulations the second is experimental research in which systems designed and studied in the former part of the program were implemented as biochemical reactors. In the first stage of the research, analytical models were developed for both the basic system and the extended basic system. These models consider that the reactions take place... 

Network A, presented in Figure 4.39, is composed of n basic systems that operate simultaneously in a biochemical reactor and share cofactors A and B. The input to the network is made of 2n substrates. Si, S2, S3,..., S2 that are fed to the reactor at predetermined concentrahons and rates. 

The literature on the use of the liquid-solid fluidized bed as a biochemical reactor is vast much of it is devoted to what may be generally termed fermentation reactions. The principle of the fluidized bed bioreactor, whether based on liquid-solid or on gas-solid fluidization, is... 

It has not been possible to cover all aspects of the principles of fluidization. A number of comprehensive texts on fluidized bed behaviour are available and inevitably I have drawn heavily on these. The reader who wishes to go into greater depth about the fundamental mechanisms at work in fluidized beds should consult those works by Davidson and Harrison (1971), Botterill (1975), Davidson, Clift and Harrison (1985), Kunii and Levenspiel (1991) and more recently Gibilaro (2001). Full references can be found at the end of Chapter 1. In addition, I have concentrated on gas-solid fluidized beds somewhat to the exclusion of liquid-solid fluidization although an indication of how particulate fluidization can be applied to biochemical reactors is given in Chapter 7. 

Tsumoto, K., Nomura, S. M., Nakatani, Y., and Yoshikawa, K. (2002). Giant liposome as a biochemical reactor transcription of DNA and transportation by laser tweezers. Langmuir, 17,7225-8. 

When the biochemical reactors are kinetically controlled, the batch bioreactors and the PFR are described by the same design equations (Equations (11.25) and (11.28)) and show a better performance than the CSTR in most cases, except for substrate inhibition kinetics. 

Biochemical reactors can be operated either batchwise or continuously, as noted in Section 1.5. Figure 7.1 shows, in schematic form, four modes of operation with two types of reactors for chemical and/or biochemical reactions in Uquid phases, with or without suspended solid particles, such as catalyst particles or microbial cells. The modes of operation include stirred batch stirred semi-batch continuous stirred and continuous plug flow reactors (PFRs). In the first three types, the contents of the tanks arc completely stirred and uniform in composition. 

Biochemical Conversion Biochemical Reactors Suspended Growth Bioreactors Attached Growth Bioreactors Biochemical Processes... 

By various processes, including the production of extracellular enzymes, bacteria in the presence of oxygen consume and transform carbon-based pollutants. The transformation consumes oxygen and converts the carbon content of the pollutant to carbon dioxide. Part of the carbon is also used for cell synthesis. These are the dominant activities in a biochemical reactor. 

Flow dynamics predict that flow through a pipe is nonuniform with regard to velocity across the diameter of a pipe, for instance. The flow at pipe walls is assumed to be zero. In our idealized biochemical reactor, this concept is represented by a boundary layer in contact with the biofilm. It does not have, of course, a discrete dimension. Rather, it is represented as an area in the structure that has reduced flow and therefore different kinetics than what we would assume exist in a bulk liquid. The boundary layer is affected by turbulence and temperature and this is unavoidable to a degree. Diffusion within the boundary layers is controlled by the chemical potential difference based on concennation. Thus the rate of transfer of pollutant to the organisms is controlled by at least two physical chemical principles, and these principles differentiate an attached growth bioreactor from a suspended growth bioreactor. 

C. King The Use of Coenzymes in Biochemical Reactors. - C. Wandrey, E Flaschel Process Development and Economical Aspects in Enzyme Engineering Acylase-L-Methionine System. - D.J. Graves, Yun-Tai Wu The Rational Design of Affinity Chromatography Separation Processes. 

Many aspects of the design of biochemical reactors are like those of ordinary chemical reactors. The information needed for design are the kinetic data and the dependence of enzyme activity on time and temperature. Many such data are available in the literature, but usually a plant design is based on laboratory data obtained with small fermenters. Standard sizes of such units range from 50 to 1000 L capacity. 

A stochastic analysis of the growth of competing microbial populations in a continuous biochemical reactor (with G.S. Stephanopoulos and A.G. Frederickson). Math. BioscL 45, 99-135 (1979). 

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