Enzymes engineering

Enzymes work effectively in enviromnents similar to those where they were originally extracted. Although large numbers of isolated enzymes have received attention, many of them do not fulfill the specific needs that they have to meet. 

Many industrial processes require enzymes to operate at conditions in which they become unstable or inactive and not suitable without further modification. Thus, 

Arunachalam, C., and K. Saritha. 2009. Protease Enzyme An Eco-Friendly Alternative for Leather Industry. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12 (12) 29-32. 

Balkan, B., and F. Ertan. 2005. Production and Properties of Alpha-Amylase from Penicillium Chrysogenum and Its Application in Starch Hydrolysis. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology 35 (2) 169-178. 

Bartlett, P. N., and R. G. Whitaker. 1987. Strategies for the Development of Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes. Biosensors 3 (6) 359-379. 

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L. B. Wingard, Jr., Enzyme Engineering, John Wiley Sons, New York 1972. 

Roberts DJ, RH Kaake, SB Punk, DL Crawford, RL Crawford (1993) Anaerobic remediation of dinoseb from contaminated soil. An on-site demonstration. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Part A Enzyme Engineering and Biotechnology 39-40 781-789. 

Metabolic and enzyme engineering have received a lot of attention in academic institutions and are now being applied for the optimization of biocatalysts used in the production of a diverse range of products. Engineered microorganisms, even with non-native enzyme activities, are being used for novel products and process improvements for the production of precursors, intermediates and complete compounds, required in the pharmaceutical industry (Chartrain et ai, 2000). 

A relatively low transformation efficiency of 103-105 colonies//rg DNA [85] and multicopy integration of expression cassettes make enzyme engineering and screening difficult. However, the first successful approaches using linear, integrative expression cassettes have been reported [86]. 

Kragl, 1J., Kruse, W., Hummel, W. and Wandrey, C. (1996) Enzyme engineering aspects of biocatalysis cofactor regeneration as example. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 52, 309-319. 

In order to prove enzyme engineering feasibility, it was important to develop a model system. One of the prime considerations for any model would be the commercial potential of the model. Table I lists the major commercial enzymes and the market size in US dollars (5). The alkaline proteases (subtilisins) are clearly the major single class of enzymes in commercial use today, representing 25% of the total enzyme market of 600 million. The primary use of subtilisins is as additives in laundry detergents to aid in the removal of proteinaceous stains from cloth. 

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