Biochemical industry

The biochemical industry derives its products from two primary sources. Natural products are yielded by plants, animal tissue, and fluids, and they are obtained via fermentation from bacteria, molds, and fungi and from mammalian cells. Products can also be obtained by... 

Progress in polymer/additive analysis has closely mirrored the changes in technology in both the polymer and additive industries during the past decades. Whilst the pharmaceutical and biochemical industries... 

A similar level of automation is found in the biochemical industry. Although the volumes of production of biochemicals are smaller by several orders of magnitude than those of bulk chemicals, companies that operate fermentors and other types of biochemical reactors must still work within... 

Biochemical industries are based on the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, molds, yeasts and others. Although some microbes are grown as food, interest here is in the production of chemicals with their aid. A distinction is drawn between steps that involve cells and those that employ isolated catalytic enzymes which are metabolic products of cells. Major characteristics of microbial processes that may be contrasted with those of ordinary chemical processing include the following ... 

In general, NIR papers did not begin in earnest until the 1970s, when commercial instruments became easily available because of the work of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)[8-12], Some of these developments will be discussed in Section 6.3. After the success of the USD A, food producers, chemical producers, polymer manufacturers, gasoline producers, etc. picked up the ball and ran with it. The last to become involved, mainly for regulatory reasons, are the pharmaceutical and biochemical industries. 

Although Figure 20.1 is based on information relating only to the biochemical industry and the absolute level of prices and throughputs may be significantly out-of-date, the general trend is also applicable to other industrial areas as well—even to the production of motor vehicles ... 

There has been a tremendous interest in polymers since World War 11. In the US, consumption was 18 million metric tons in 1974, 25.7 million metric tons in 1984, and 41.3 million metric tons in 1994 [1]. Polymer production has increased from essentially zero at the end the World War II to about 101 million metric tons worldwide in 1993 [2] and 241 million metric tons in 2006 [3]. The reason for this increase is quite simple. Synthetic polymers are numerous in structure and are very diverse in their structure-property relationships. Polymers are used extensively in electrical applications, including insulators, capacitors, and conductors. They are also used in many optical applications, the biochemical industry, structural applications, packaging, and they are used extensively as thermal insulation [4]. 

McCallum, D., et al. Wastewater management in the pharmaceutical industry. 3rd International Conference on Effluent Treatment from Biochemical Industry, Wheatland Watford, England, 1980. 

Electromembrane processes such as electrolysis and electrodialysis have experienced a steady growth since they made their first appearance in industrial-scale applications about 50 years ago [1-3], Currently desalination of brackish water and chlorine-alkaline electrolysis are still the dominant applications of these processes. But a number of new applications in the chemical and biochemical industry, in the production of high-quality industrial process water and in the treatment of industrial effluents, have been identified more recently [4]. The development of processes such as continuous electrodeionization and the use of bipolar membranes have further extended the range of application of electromembrane processes far beyond their traditional use in water desalination and chlorine-alkaline production. 

Enzymes are used as catalysts in chemical reactions taking place in the food, pharmaceutical and biochemical industries. The reactions carried out under the catabolic action of enzymes do not require extreme conditions (temperature, pH etc.). The advantages are high turnover rates, stereospecificity, production of less... 

Masters, K. Applications of spray-drying in the food industry, in the pharmaceutical-biochemical industry. In Spray-Drying Handbook, 5th Ed. Longman Scientific and Technical Esex, UK, 1991 491-676. 

Two-phase and slurry bubble columns are widely used in the chemical - and biochemical industry for carrying out gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid (cat-al Tic) reaction processes [27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 117]. 

The process of recovering and purifying fermentation products in the biochemical industries is generally difficult and costly. The product can exist intracellularly or extracellularly and it may be sensitive to temperature change, extremes of pH, certain chemicals and enzyme activities of the microorganisms. Frequently, the energy and labor costs spent on recovery and purification of the fermentation product far exceed the cost of fermentation. This is especially true for intracellular recombinant protein products ... 

An understanding of the heat transfer behavior of these nonnewtonian fluids is important inasmuch as most of the industrial chemicals and many fluids in the food processing and biochemical industries are viscoelastic in nature and undergo heat exchange processes either during their preparation or in their application. 

Various equipment and procedures used for the separation of cells from culture media in the biochemical industries are similar, in principle, to those used in the chemical industries. No marked differences are noted among filter press, centrifuge, decantor and so forth now being used in both industries. It seems significant to point out, however, that some aspect of the cell separation in the biochemical industries differs essentially from the separation technique of the chemical industries. 

Biochemical industry, e.g., algae, fodder antibiotic, yeast extracts, enzymes, etc. 

Each of the five main types of LC chiral stationary phase have fairly wide areas of application. As a result, there is much overlap in the use of the different stationary phases, and many specific chiral separations can be accomplished by any one of the five stationary phases, providing the optimum operating conditions for the particular stationary phase are identified. Probably the most important applications come from the pharmaceutical and biochemical industries and, to some extent, from the clinical laboratories. The other important application source for chiral chromatography is the essential oil industries, but, as most of the components of essential oils are, by definition, fairly volatile the applications from this source are usually separated by GC. 

The OBR can be viewed as a series stirred cells or a tubular flow reactor. The tube can be jacketed to provide cooling or heating. Its potential has been demonstrated for processing in the pharmaceutical, fine-chemicals and biochemical industries. An account of these can be found elsewhere [26, 37],... 

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