Benzene sulphonate ions

The ESR susceptibility in PPy doped with polyanions, sulphated poly(/i-hydroxycthcr), sulphatcd poly(butadiene) and benzene sulphonate ions, as an example of disordered conducting polymers, was reported by Chauvet et al.. to show approximately a sum of the Curie and Pauli-like temperature dependence, but a small upturn above 200 K in some samples [293]. This behaviour is interpreted in temis of the thermal activation of the single bipolarons into their triplet state and such bipolarons are stabilized by bridging of adjacent chains through dopants [294], rather than of the usual intciprctation in tenns of the temperature dependent Pauli susceptibility [206]. The thermoelectric power of these systems shows small positive values, several pV, and square-root-like temperature dependence, typical for hopping systems with degenrate electronic states around the Fenni level [293]. 

Stober and Pelhnann [111] describe the benzene-sulphonate ions containing AFm of composition C3A Ca(CgHjS03)2 H20. Meyer et al. [ 115] report the reaction of calcium aluminates with the citric acid, investigated also by Pdllmaim [112]. According to Pollmaim [114] there are also the similar compounds of calcium alu-minate hydrates with organic cations related to the AFt phase. 

Ion exchange benzene sulphonic acid (cation exchange) or quaternary amine (anion exchange). 

The salinity effect of different salts, particularly divalent cation salts, is expressed through the term bS in the correlation for non-ionic surfactants of the polyethoxylated phenol or alcohol type. No information is available yet on the salinity effect on other non-ionics such as alkyl-polyglucosides. The salinity effect on ionic surfactant systems is a more complex issue because the surfactant itself is also a (more or less) dissociated electrolyte. Its degree of dissociation is paramount as far as its hydrophilicity is concerned. For instance sodium salts of alkyl sulphonic acids are essentially completely dissociated, hence they act as the sulphonate ion, and it is essentially the same with the salt of potassium or ammonium. The presence of multivalent anions produces an interference with the monovalent anionic surfactant ion, such as an alkyl benzene sulphonate, but it is essentially an ideal mixing rule. 

Benzene sulphonic acid XJ- "-" Si-O-Si-C Strong cation exchange sorhent Divalent ions more strongly retained than monovalent Can also separate on the basis of nonpolar interaction (due to presence of benzene)... 

Thirteen dyes were separated by reversed phase TLC on C g modified silica gel using methanol-acetonitrile-aq. 5% Na2S04 (3 3 10) and then methanol-ethylmethyl ketone-aq. 5% Na2 SO4 (1 1 1) as mobile phases in same direction. Separation was optimum between pH 6.0 to 7.0 (145). Four basic dyes were separated on pretreated silica gel plates using HCIO4 or benzene sulphonic acid as counter ion and aqueous 50% or 60% ethanol as mobile phase (146). Polyacrylonitrile plates have been used for the separation of ten basic and common food dyes along with other dyes using diethylamine-anhy. acetic acid-H20 (4 1 15) as mobile phase (147). 

These are one of the oldest toiletries products, having been used for over centuries. The earliest formulations were based on simply fatty add salts, such as sodium or potassium palmitate. However, these simple soaps suffer from the problem of calcium soap precipitation in hard water. For that reason, most soap bars contain other surfactants such as cocomonoglyceride sulphate or sodium cocoglyceryl ether sulphonate that prevent precipitation with caldura ions. Other surfadants used in soap bars indude sodium cocyl isethinate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate and sodium stearyl sulphate. 

Ionic surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (NaDBS) or cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride (CTAQ), adsorb on hydrophobic particles of agrochemicals, as a result of the hydrophobic interaction between the alkyl group of the surfactant and the particle surface. As a result, the particle surface will acquire a charge that is compensated by counter ions (Na+ in the case of NaDBS and Cl in the case of CTACl), forming an electrical double layer. 

Resins such as phenol formaldehyde and highly sulphonated styrene/divinyl benzene macroporous ion exchange resins can be pyrolysed to produce carbonaceous adsorbents which have macro-, meso- and microporosity. Surface areas may range up to 1100 m /g. These adsorbents tend to be more hydrophobic than granular activated carbon and therefore one important application is the removal of organic compounds from water. 

In aqueous pyridine solution, most diaryl sulphoxides may be oxidized to the corresponding sulphones with (dichloroiodo)benzene in reasonable yields103. The reaction involves nucleophilic attack by the sulphoxide on the electrophilic chlorine-containing species, yielding an intermediate chlorosulphonium ion which then reacts with water producing the sulphone. If the sulphoxide is optically active, then an optically active sulphone is produced in excellent optical yield when the reaction is carried out in oxygen-18 labelled water104, as indicated in equation (33). 

Organic hydroperoxides have also been used for the oxidation of sulphoxides to sulphones. The reaction in neutral solution occurs at a reasonable rate in the presence of transition metal ion catalysts such as vanadium, molybdenum and titanium - , but does not occur in aqueous media . The usual reaction conditions involve dissolution of the sulphoxide in alcohols, ethers or benzene followed by dropwise addition of the hydroperoxide at temperatures of 50-80 °C. By this method dimethyl sulphoxide and methyl phenyl sulphoxide have been oxidized to the corresponding sulphone in greater than 90% yields . A similar method for the oxidation of sulphoxides has been patented . Unsaturated sulphoxides are oxidized to the sulphone without affecting the carbon-carbon double bonds. A further patent has also been obtained for the reaction of dimethyl sulphoxide with an organic hydroperoxide as shown in equation (19). 

Notes Col. 1. — (i) PE-PSSA polystyrene sulphonic acid grafted onto a polyethylene matrix and containing indicated amounts of divinyl benzene 120) (ii) Ionac MC-3470 (Ionac Corp., USA) powdered mixture of PSSA ion exchanger and inert polymer compressed hot with embedded mesh of supporting material120) (iii) Cellophane PUT 600/23 sheet (British Cellophane Ltd.) washed to remove plasticizer110) (iv) Dye A C. I. Direct Blue 1 (tetrasulphonate substantive dye)110 (v) Dye B Procion Yellow HA (disulphonate reactive dye, I.C.I. Ltd.)121. ... 

Alkali earths Ca, Mg Sulphonated poly (styrene- divinyl benzene) 0.12M hcio4 Ions coupled with Arsenazo 1 pH10 in post column reaction Spectrophotometric at 590nm [16,17]... 

The 18 —> 20-hemiacetal (160) gave novel dimers (163) on reaction with toluene-p-sulphonic acid in benzene, through attack of the vinyl ether (161) on the oxonium ion (162), followed by an intramolecular hydride transfer from C-16 to C-20.16°... 

The advantages of the ion-exchange resins, a common one being a sulphon-ated styrene-divinyl benzene cross-linked polymer, were claimed to be as follows ... 

Spectrophotometric methods based on ion associates with basic dyes are very sensitive. The Co-thiocyanate complex was associated with Malachite Green (CCI4 -i- cyclohexane), (e = 8.6-10 ) [61], Turquoise Blue (triphenylmethane dye) (toluene -1- DMF) [62], and 6-nitrodimethyline-carbocyanine [63,64]. The anionic complex of Co with chloro-oxine [65] associated with Rhodamine 6G was extracted with benzene. The complex of Co with 2-nitroso-l-hydroxynaphthalene-4-sulphonic acid was extracted into CHCI3 as the associate with a basic azo dye (e = 1.66-10 at 566 nm) [66]. 

The products of hydrolysis of sulphonyl halides, i.e. sulphonic and hydrohalic acids, can be easily titrated with bases, which accelerate the hydrolysis as well. Thus Cundiff and Markunas titrated potentiometrically benzenesulphonyl chloride (and sulphuric acid) in pyridine with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in benzene/methanol251. Jansseune and Janssen252 titrated sulphonyl fluorides in butylamine with potassium methoxide. Krivoruchko253 estimated 2-chloroethanesulphonyl chloride in air by hydrolysing it with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and determining the chloride ion colorimetrically or nephelometrically. Jansseune and Janssen252 also hydrolysed sulphonyl fluorides with alkali, acidified the mixture, distilled the HF and titrated it with alkali. 

Zeohtes also have considerable application as catalysts. Iron in the +3 oxidation state is introduced by ion-exchange methods [103]. However, attempted adsorption of Fe " " ions causes complete breakdown of the structure with any retained iron being in the +3 state. Dehydration of the zeolite causes non-reversible reduction of the iron. Adsorption of Fe salts on ion-exchange resins of the sulphonated styrene-divinyl benzene and quaternary ammonium types has httle effect on the iron resonances and indicates very weak binding of the ions to the resin [104]. Spin-relaxation effects and temperature-dependent paramagnetic hyperfine structure have been recorded and interpreted in detail for Fe ions adsorbed on exchange resins [105, 106], and a number of other recent papers have shown interest in this new field [107]. 

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