Polystyrene sulphonic acid

Strongly acidic cation exchangers (polystyrene sulphonic acid resins). These resins (Duolite C225, Amberlite 120, etc.) are usually marketed in the sodium form and to convert them into the hydrogen form (which, it may be noted, are also available commercially) the following procedure may be used. 

Notes Col. 1. — (i) PE-PSSA polystyrene sulphonic acid grafted onto a polyethylene matrix and containing indicated amounts of divinyl benzene 120) (ii) Ionac MC-3470 (Ionac Corp., USA) powdered mixture of PSSA ion exchanger and inert polymer compressed hot with embedded mesh of supporting material120) (iii) Cellophane PUT 600/23 sheet (British Cellophane Ltd.) washed to remove plasticizer110) (iv) Dye A C. I. Direct Blue 1 (tetrasulphonate substantive dye)110 (v) Dye B Procion Yellow HA (disulphonate reactive dye, I.C.I. Ltd.)121. ... 

Nafion-H was procurerd from Du Pont. It was repeatedly treated with 25% nitric acid at room temperature, washed free of acid, dried at 110°C for 16 hours and stored in airtight glass tube until use. Polystyrene sulphonic acid resin (Indian 130) was obtained from Ion Exchange (India) Ltd. Triflic acid was obtained from Fluka. All the chemicals used in the investigation were of Analytical Reagent1 grade. 

This type of ion-exchange membrane is prepared by solving a polymer and a polyelectrolyte in one solvent. After that a film is casted and the solvent evaporated. For example a sulphonic interpolymer membrane can be prepared from a solution of linear polystyrene sulphonic acid, Dynel (a copolymer of acrylonitrile and vinylchloride) and dimethyl formamide (43). Other examples are given in (44,45,84, 169). 

Case A was represented by water, which was printed onto polymethyl methacrylate for a set frequency at various substrate speeds, all of which were low enough for the deposited droplets to overlap. Large, unconnected sessile drops were formed instead, with their size found to be dependent on substrate speed and deposition frequency. Duineveld observed the same phenomenon for aqueous droplets of PEDOT/PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulphonic acid) printed onto CF4 treated glass (0, = 97°, 9r = 32°).24... 

Olah [40c] has drawn attention to the fact that the first solid acid catalyst was suggested by Kameo, Nishimura and Manabe (71 ]. They used polystyrene-sulphonic acid with nitric acid, but the system was unstable, as the catalyst was degraded by the strong acid. Olah and associates [72] developed a nitrating agent from n-butyl nitrate and acetone cyanohydrine nitrate by adding a per-... 

G. Zundel, Hydrate structures, intermolecular interactions and proton conducting mechanism in polyelectrolyte membranes - infrared results, J. Membr. Sci., 1982, 11, 249-274 C. Heitner-Wirguin, Infra-red spectra of perfluorinated cation-exchange membranes, Polym., 1979, 20, 371-374 L.Y. Levy, A. Jenard and H.D. Hurwitz, Infrared investigation of ionic hydration in ion-exchange membranes. Part 1. Alkaline salts of grafted polystyrene sulphonic acid membranes, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 

Mixture of PhOH and acidic form of polystyrene sulphonic acid heated to 120°, treated with MCjO over 2.5 h. 

The first attempt to use ion-containing polymers in ECDs was made by Randin in 1982 . He investigated polystyrene sulphonic acid (PSSA), polyethylene sulphonic acid (PESA), poly-2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane... 

Figure 6.23 Structural analogy between polystyrene sulphonic acid and p-toluene sulphonic...

For the strongly acidic cation exchange resin such as cross linked polystyrene sulphonic acid resins, the ion-exchange capacity is virtually independent of the pH of the solutions. For weak acid cation exchangers, such as those containing carboxylate group, ionizations, occurs only in alkaline solution. Similarly weakly basic cation exchanger does not work above pH 9. 

However, the conventional percolation threshold level of 16% has been observed in polyblends of nonconducting polyaniline (emeraldine base) with thermoplastics [154,155], polystyrene sulphonic acid [156], etc. 

A new cation exchange resin, obtained by grafting sulphonic acid groups onto porous silica, has been shown to possess catalytic activity comparable to that of polystyrene sulphonic acid for the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides. 

Proton-conducting polymer electrolytes based on heteropolyacids (HPA) encapsulated with polystyrene sulphonic acid (PSS)... 

Fig. 6. Schematic comparison between the conductometric titration of polyacrylic acid (2) and polystyrene sulphonic acid (1). (Reproduced from Reference [1].)...

The speculations were supported by experimental results using sodium salts of polystyrene sulphonic acid or polyacrylic acid. Figure 7 shows that the electrophoretic mobility is independent of molecular weight and as high as the mobility of a monomer [21]. The radius of a monomer calculated from the mobility using the Stokes law is about 3.0 A which is reasonable compared with the molecular radius of the monomer. Table I shows that the electrophoretic mobility of polyion is independent of ionic species of counter-ion [22]. 

The additivity was first implied in the experiments of Mock and Marshall on the pH of polystyrene sulphonic acid solution containing HCl [25]. That is, if we express pH of pure polystyrene sulphonic acid solution and pure HCl solution by (pH)p and (pH)s, the pH of the mixture is expressed by... 

---