Behaviour measures

Beauvais, S.L., Jones, S.B., Brewer, S.K., and Little, E.E. (2000). Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainhow trout and their correlation with behavioural measures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19,1875-1880. 

It does little good to continue to find a difference in overall response levels between normals and schizophrenics in our electrophysiological, positron emission, biochemical, and behavioural measures unless we use the knowledge to lead to new approaches to classification, treatment and etiology. 

An individual who was blind in regard to the odour stimulus presented at each trial repeatedly viewed each test session and scored the following behavioural measures number of lateral head movements, number of hand-to-mouth movements, and frequency of sucking movements with the lips / mouth. 

Separate analyses were performed for the test series conducted at 34 and 36 weeks PCA. For each behavioural measure the results were compared across the 4 odour stimuli with Friedman s tests. A similar series of within-subject comparisons was performed for the changes in baseline cardiac rates following odour presentations. 

The methods discussed above have been widely used to assess the effect of either continuous or intermittent nicotine on nAChR functions and brain biochemistry (Matta et al. 2007). For models of nicotine withdrawal, see the chapter by Malin in this volume. Given the intrinsic advantages and limitations of each approach, the non-contingent nature of most administration regimes and the absence of associated cues, it is important that these paradigms are not assumed to model tobacco addiction per se. Sometimes, the experiments are conducted in concert with behavioural measures (e.g. precipitation of withdrawal with somatic signs), which give more credibility to the assertion that a state of nicotine dependence has been achieved (Kenny and Markou 2005). 

The Role of Metabotropic Glutamatergic Receptors in Behavioural Measures... 

Effects of 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists on Behavioural Measures of Naloxone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal." Psychopharmacology 105 322-28. 

In order to predict absolute dielectric strengths we need to have more detailed information than is yet available about electronic states and mobilities in polymers. For the present we can only conclude that there is satisfactory agreement between the form of the theoretical results, based on a rather general electronic model, and the best experimental results. To the extent that the model is a very reasonable one, we can say that we can understand intrinsic breakdown behaviour. Measurement of pre-breakdown currents, especially with pointed electrodes which impose regions of very high field strength at their tips when embedded in the material, suggests that electronic carrier production either by injection from the electrodes (Schottky emission) or from impurities (Poole-Frenkel effect) may play a part in the breakdown process. More work is required, however, before this can be fully understood. 

To test further the hypothesis that proton transfer from cyanocarbon acids is approaching normal behaviour, measurements were made [19] around ApK ca. 0 by studying the ionization of bromomalononitrile (pK° 7.81) in phosphate (pK° 7.21) and morpholine (pK° 8.49) buffers using the temperature-jump technique. The results of these experiments... 

Efficient degreasing was found to be closely connected to the three-phase state and hence to the ultra-low interfacial tension between water and oil [170]. The so far unidentified mechanism of degreasing of animal skins could be understood and explained. Correlation of results obtained from phase behaviour measurements and degreasing experiments revealed that Eusapon OD shows the best degreasing performance and lead to the clarification of the four-step process of degreasing as shown in Fig. 10.13 [171]. The first step is the penetration of the surfactant into the skin. In a second step the natural fat is solubilised. A microemulsion phase coexists with a fat- and a water-excess phase and the interfacial tension between water and oil is ultra-low. On the surface of the skin dilution of the microemulsion with pure water, i.e. reduction of the salt concentration in the float, leads to the formation of a stable emulsion via shearing. The stable emulsion prevents the deposition of the fat on the skin and enables the transport of the natural fat away from the skin. 

Paper based surveys are more useful than web based surveys for hospital staff. Significant local support is required to increase participation in the survey. Safety culture factors explained more variance in safety behaviour measures than they did variance of worker and patient injury rates. 

Figure 15.9 Deflection in the turbine blade measured by displacement transducers (Soi—S03) due to gradually increased quasi-static loads at LTP = 2300 mm from the mounting position and recorded composite behaviour measured by the bridge detuning of the integrated CFY sensors (Choi—Chos) LTP, load transmission point).

Essentially reduction of risk can be achieved by technical, procedural or behavioural measures, or most notably by a mixture of all three, as shown in Table 26.2, Each machine or process should be studied and arrangements for its safe operation developed in the context of the criteria set out in the Table. 

Fig. 25 Variation of the complex shear modulus of the PDMS/CNT suspension. Filled symbol viscoelastic behaviour measured just after the compressive deformation, the CNT s are supposed to be well dispersed in the PDMS matrix. Open symbols viscoelasticity beahaviour measured at the end the aggregation process under /o = 30 %...

Traffic flow behaviour can be regarded as a combination of road user behaviours of a group of road users using the same part of the transport system at the same time for example, a road section, junction, bicycle path section, or pedestrian crossing. Thereby, forms of traffic flow behaviour measured by road section or cross-section speed, headway, time to collision, time to line crossing and other indicators (average, variance, other parameters of distribution, etc.) are often addressed in studies on behavioural adaptation. 

Truck tyre durability is discussed with reference to the importance of identifying the mode, initiation point, propagation and cause of failure. The process is illustrated for two possible types of failure mode, i.e. tread separation and breaker/ply ending separation. In the development of new compounds, it is important to consider the operating conditions (strain/stress/temp. levels) of the component in the running tyre. The use of compound fracture mechanical behaviour measurements in the development of sidewall compound with improved cut initiation/propagation resistance is described. The retreadability of the truck tyres is also considered with... 

Is this amount of the Fe-rich BCC phase sufficient to cause the heat-treated HP Mg to have a corrosion rate higher than the as-cast condition This issue was studied experimentally. The results are shown in Fig. 3.19, which presents the corrosion behaviour, measured as hydrogen evolution volume, for (i) as-cast HP Mg, (ii) HP Mg heat treated for 1 day at 550 °C and (iii) HP heat treated for 2 days at 550 °C. The average corrosion rate for as-cast HP Mg in Fig. 3.19 was 1.8mm/yr consistent with other measurements [8,11] this gives confidence in the experimental measurements. There was a significant increase in corrosion rate after heat treatment at 550 °C, consistent with the precipitation of the BCC Fe-rich phase as predicted. Fig. 

One potential advantage of some longitudinal studies is that of investigating the concept of reverse causality. That is, the less intelligent, or behaviourally more active children, take in more lead as a result of their intellect or behaviour, rather than as a cause of it. Since both lead measures and intellectual (or developmental) and behavioural measures are obtained sequentially, it is possible to examine the temporal relationships between these in both directions. 

Despite the large amount of detailed information on social, environmental and familial factors available from lead studies, there has been little investigation of the relationship of these factors with behaviour measures. For example, factors such as the mother s mental health, and the quality of the parental marital relationship, have been shown to be highly associated with mothers ratings on the Conners scale. Teachers ratings have been shown to be sensitive to the family type (single-parent or not) (Smith, 1988). No studies have controlled for factors such as these. 

Measures of other skills are not independent of IQ and behavioural measures nor, in most cases, of social influences, such as social class. 

A more basic problem is raised by Otto and colleagues (1983). This is that the paradigms used in EEG studies are experimental, and normative data for young children do not exist. Since there are no concurrent behavioural measures the functional significance of any findings is unknown. 

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