Pedestrians crossing

For example, a pedestrian crosses a road negligently and is hit by a driver who was driving negligently. The pedestrian has contributed to the accident. Another example of contributory negligence is where a plaintiff voluntarily disregards warnings and assumes a certain level of risk. 

K Approaches to pedestrian crossings and other high-risk situations t t... 

Vehicle going straight, pedestrian crossing from the right, urban 43.5... 

Vehicle backing up, pedestrian crossing, urban and non-urban 10.0... 

Vehicle turning left, pedestrian crossing, urban 7.9... 

Vehicle turning right, pedestrian crossing, urban 2.7... 

All relevant processes are modeled and linked with realistic probability distributions. Each parameter is drawn randomly with respect to its probability distribution and possible dependencies on other factors in the simulation. The implemented scenario is an urban crossing scenario, as this is the most important one (see Sect. 3.2). The pedestrian crosses the street (straight road) from the right to the left from the view of the driver in the middle of a block. From the pedestrian s point of view, the traffic comes from the left. Scenario parameters include, for example, the geometry of the sidewalk, speed limit of the street or visibility restrictions. The traffic on the road itself is implemented as an exposure model depending on time of day and day... 

The process chain starts with a reference scenario for the situation in question. For example, in the case of pedestrian protection, the most important scenario is a pedestrian crossing from the right in an urban setting (for Germany and the US). A functional demonstrator of a preventive pedestrian protection system is defined to test the process chain with a measure of active safety. The system detects the pedestrian, warns the driver, preconditions the brake assist, and as a last resort brakes automatically. 

Four normal situations Parking bay (x2). Pedestrian crossing (x2). 

The second normal situation is a common crossing scenario where a pedestrian crosses the street from the right (see Fig. 4.2). A key parameter characterizing the mitigation of a potential conflict is thetime-to-collision (TTC), which is defined here as the distance to the projected collision point divided by the current vehicle speed. The TTC when the pedestrian enters the street in this situation is varied during the experiment ... 

In the scenario of hazardous pedestrian crossing situations, about 0.2 % of the crossings (SD 0.004 %) result in a collision in the baseline. Hence, about one million crossings are usually simulated to resolve 5 % effects. 

On built-up roads around 60 000 injury accidents occur away from junctions each year. Pedestrians are involved in 44% of these accidents. There are more pedestrian accidents where pedestrians cross from the drivers nearside than from the offside. Motorcyclists are involved in 17% of accidents, public service vehicles 10% and pedal cycles 8%. 

On average there are more accidents at urban T-junctions with a pedestrian crossing than at those without, for given vehicle and pedestrian flows. 

A disproportionate percentage of pedestrian accidents involve high-fronted vehicles waiting at a stopline pulling forward unaware of a pedestrian crossing the road. A minimum distance between stopline and studs of 2.5 m is recommended. 

At wide crossings, colouring the pedestrian crossing area may have benefits but pedestrians may think they have an unjustified precedence over vehicles. Care will be needed to give a colour contrast between red tactile paving and red surfacing. 

A total of 11% of the pedestrians were on pedestrian crossings and 10% were within 50 m of a crossing. 

TRL Report PPR035 Traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings on... 

This Guide gives advice on the design of puffin pedestrian crossings. 

Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/01 Puffin Pedestrian Crossing... 

The red signal to vehicle traffic during pedestrian crossing periods should remove the sense of harassment experienced by some pedestrians from impatient drivers during the pelican flashing... 

Local Transport Note 2/95 (1995). The Design of Pedestrian Crossings. DETR... 

High-friction surfacing on the approach to a pedestrian crossing... 

Pedestrian restraint systems (pedestrian guardrail) are regularly used to prevent pedestrians crossing roads at unsafe locations. There is a tendency to remove such systems from certain roads as part of a general reduction in street clutter. 

Older people do not understand road safety messages, are confused by some controlled pedestrian crossings and ignore safe islands in the middle of roads. 

Formal or informal pedestrian crossings should be provided at desire lines. 

I drivers unable to see pedestrians crossing (or waiting to cross) the road ... 

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