Causality reverse

Because of the assumed (temporal depth of two) nature of the reversibility of the underlying universal CA, causality takes on a decidedly non intuitive character the state of a given site is completely determined by the states of its nearest neighbors in space-time. Letting ag t represent the state of the site at x and time t,... 

In inverse calibration one models the properties of interest as a function of the predictors, e.g. analyte concentrations as a function of the spectrum. This reverses the causal relationship between spectrum and chemical composition and it is geared towards the future goal of estimating the concentrations from newly measured spectra. Thus, we write... 

If the virus has double-stranded RNA (ds RNA), this RNA serves as a template in a manner analogous to DNA. There are three classes of viruses with ss RNA and they differ in the mechanism by which mRNA is synthesized. In the simplest case, the incoming viral RNA is the plus sense and hence serves directly as mRNA, and copies of this viral RNA are also copied to make further mRNA molecules. In another class, the viral RNA has a minus (-) sense. In such viruses a copy is made (plus sense) and this copy becomes the mRNA. In the case of the retroviruses (causal agents of certain kinds of cancers and AIDS), a new phenomenon called reverse transcription is seen, in which virion ss RNA is copied to a double-stranded DNA (through a ss DNA intermediate) and the ds DNA then serves as the template for mRNA synthesis (thus ss RNA ss DNA ds DNA). Retrovirus replication is of unusual interest and complexity. 

If X is space-like and the events are designated such that t2 > 11, then c(ti — f2) < z — z2, and it is therefore possible to find a velocity v < c such that ic(t[ — t 2) = X vanishes. Physically the vanishing of X means that if the distance between two events is space-like, then one can always find a Lorentz system in which the two events have the same time coordinate in the selected frame. On the other hand, for time-like separations between events one cannot find a Lorentz transformation that will make them simultaneous, or change the order of the time sequence of the two events. The concepts "future" and "past" are invariant and causality is preserved. That the sequence of events with space-like separations can be reversed does not violate causality. As an example it is noted that no influence eminating from earth can affect an object one light-year away within the next year. 

We can predict whether or not a given patient is likely to respond well to an antidepressant like imipramine by how dramatically the alterations of sleep that are typical of depression are reversed. This fact has two important implications first, it makes the delay more tolerable because a positive outcome is easier to anticipate than an uncertain one and second, it means that there is more than a casual tie between the immediate sleep effects and the delayed antidepressant effect. Perhaps the link is even causal. How so ... 

Secondary health effects indoors are less adverse, and mostly characterized by being reversible, and with no severe consequences for the occupants. The effects may have high prevalence. For these effects the causality may not be exactly known but an association to IAQ has been documented. Exact quantification may not be possible and indicators or substitute measures may have to be used. For secondary effects strict guidelines cannot be set and a strict compound-by-compound evaluation is not possible (or needed). 

Although hyperlipidemia may be partly reversed by the increase of plasma oncotic pressure with dextran infusion, decreased albumin and plasma oncotic pressure cannot fully explain nephrotic hyperlipidemia. In analbuminemic rats, lipid changes are different from those in nephrotic subjects (D4). There may be a direct causal link between proteinuria and lipid abnormalities because a 1 -acid glycoprotein isolated from urine of nephrotic patients may correct the impaired lipolysis of nephrotic rats (SI 6, K12). Thus, impaired lipoprotein metabolism may be caused by the loss of some regulatory substance into urine due to increased glomerular permeability. 

Figure 2 and 3 give examples of causal loop diagrams for reversible and irreversible catalyst deactivation ... 

The term irreversibility has two different uses and has been applied to different arrows of time. Although these arrows are not related, they seem to be connected to the intuitive notion of causality. Mostly, the word irreversibility refers to the direction of the time evolution of a system. Irreversibility is also used to describe noninvariance of the changes with respect to the nonlinear time reversal transformation. For changes that generate space-time symmetry transformations, irreversibility implies the impossibility to create a state that evolves backward in time. Therefore, irreversibility is time asymmetry due to a preferred direction of time evolution. 

In a fulminant course of Wilson s disease or an advanced stage of cirrhosis with complications or in cases where medication is not feasible, the only remaining alternative is liver transplantation. After successful transplantation, all clinical findings and laboratory parameters improve, and even neurological disorders become reversible. Transplantation is a causal therapy, which confirms that the primary metabolic defect of Wilson s disease is located in the liver. (348) This means that no copperreleasing medication is required following transplantation. (324, 352, 361, 363, 372, 375, 384)... 

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