Behaviour exploratory

A qualitatively similar behaviour was obtained during C3H6 epoxidation on Ag 43 Enhancement factor A values of the order of 150 were measured.43 Both the rates of epoxidation and oxidation to C02 increase with I>0 and decrease with I<0. The intrinsic selectivity to propylene oxide was very low, typically 0.03 and could be increased only up to 0.04 by using positive currents. This was again an exploratory study, as no reference electrode was used, thus T and UWr could not be measured 43... 

Most of these models evaluate the effects of drugs on the behaviour of animals when they are exposed to a novel environment. Novelty normally reduces animals exploratory activity but established anti-anxiety drugs consistently increase exploration of, and approaches to, the novel stimulus and reduce the neophobic ( avoidance ) reaction. There are several examples of tests based on this principle (Table 19.2) but two that are widely used are the plus-maze and the social interaction tests. 

Graves B.M. and Halpem M. (1990). Roles of vomeronasal organ chemoreception in tongue flicking, exploratory and feeding behaviour of the lizard Chacides ocellatus. Anim Behav 39, 692-698. 

These, and other, behaviour differences have prompted initiation of several exploratory studies in order to assess the response of selected Western coals to liquefaction procedures and identify the parameters that affect this response. This paper summarizes some of the more important observations recorded in the course of that work. 

Sheldon MH (1968) Exploratory behaviour the inadequacy of activity measures. Psychol Sci 11 38... 

Exploratory behaviour Distinct exploratory behaviour Rooting with the snout Rich and diverse environment Provision of materials for rooting... 

V.D. Petkov and A.ff. Mosharrof, Effects of standardized extracts from ginseng on the exploratory behaviour in rats, C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 40, 113, 1987. 

Kitazawa T, Hashiba K, Cao J, Unno T, Komori S, Yamada M, Wess J, Taneike T (2007) Functional roles of muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors in mouse stomach motility studies with muscarinic receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 554 212-22 Knauber J, Muller WE (2000) Decreased exploratory activity and impaired passive avoidance behaviour in mice deficient for the aiB-adrenoceptor. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 10 423-7 Koshimizu TA, Tanoue A, Tsujimoto G (2006) Clinical implications from studies of oti adrenergic receptor knockout mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 

Clemett DA, Cockett MI, Marsden CA, Fone KC. Antisense oligonucleotide-induced reduction in 5-hydroxytryptamine7 receptors in the rat hypothalamus without alteration in exploratory behaviour or neuroendocrine function. J Neuro-chem 1998 71 1271-1279. 

Knauber J, Muller WE. Decreased exploratory activity and impaired passive avoidance behaviour in mice deficient for the alb-adrenoceptor. Eur Neuropsycho-pharmacol 2000 10 423 127. 

Tanaka (1993) reported a subacute oral toxicity study in male CD-I mice where dosages of 0, 1500, 3000 and 6000 ppm were fed daily for 7 weeks. Besides a treatment-related decrease in food intake during week I in the mid-and high-dose groups, the main aim of this study was to investigate any possible treatment-related changes in hehavioural patterns. No consistent or significant effect was observed in the T-maze or exploratory behaviour tests at the 4-Weck lime point, but by week 7 some parameters in the exploratory behaviour test were altered in treated animals. 

Hernandez-Tristan R, Arevalo C, Canals S, et al (2000) The effects of acute treatment with Delta(9)-THC on exploratory behaviour and memory in the rat. J Physiol Biochem 56 17-24... 

The recorder used printed out a total activity count every 5 min. The first 4 of these, representing initial exploratory behaviour, were discarded, and a mean activity count was then obtained for the remaining 100 min. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Two-sample rank test (Goldstein, 1964) and Student s /-test. 

Rick In the open field, ambulation on day 1 is now taken to be of a complex character, partly exploratory and partly escape behaviour (Whimbey and Denenberg, 1967). It might become clearer if you did an experiment on day 2 because there ambulation is more clearly exploratory in nature. 

Variations in amplitude of EPs in LL under soundproof and distractive conditions in the untreated cat and after LSD-25 administration were similar to results obtained by Key (1965a). Under soundproof conditions, when the untreated animal was relaxed, the fluctuations in amplitude were small, but under distractive conditions the mean amplitude decreased and the fluctuation in amplitude (shown by the standard deviations in Fig. 3) increased. LSD-25 produced desynchronization in the EEG, general alerting, increase in exploratory behaviour, and under soundproof conditions the degree of fluctuation in amplitude of EPs in LL was similar to that obtained in the untreated animal subjected to distractive conditions. When the cats were subjected to distractive conditions after LSD-25 there was a further increase in fluctuation of amplitude and the mean amplitude was lower than that in the untreated cat under similar conditions. 

Table 3.2 presents a selection of the most used thermodynamic options for phase equilibrium with suitable enthalpy and entropy methods. The accuracy of both phase equilibrium and enthalpy/entropy computation must be examined when using EOS models. For example, often a cubic EOS underestimates the enthalpy of vaporisation. In this case other methods are more accurate, as those based on three-parameters corresponding states law (Lee-Kesler, Curl-Pitzer, etc.). Mixtures rich in components with particular behaviour, as or CH, need special methods for accurate simulation. When binary interaction parameters for liquid activity models are absent, the UNI FAC predictive method may be employed. It is worth to note that UNIFAC is suitable only for exploratory purposes, but not for final design. When high non-ideal mixtures are involved at higher pressure then the combination of EOS with liquid activity models is recommended (see Chapter 6). 

Useful exploratory studies of acid-base behaviour in solvents of low dielectric constant have been made by conductance " and potentio-metric " titrations. Association constants are usually obtained from spectrophotometric measurements. The strengths of various bases can be compared by means of their association with an indicator acid like 2,4-dinitrophenol. If both acid and base are colourless, a competition for the base can be established between the acid and an indicator acid like bromophthalein magenta In solvents like benzene, other reactions than simple 1 1 association between B and RX may occur. Self-association of the acid or base is one such auxiliary reaction. A classic example is the dimerisation of carboxylic acids in benzene. If allowance is not made for this, constant values of the quotient [BRX]j[B][RX] will not be obtained. (Variations in the quotient cannot be attributed to interionic forces or other nonideal behaviour BRX is scarcely dissociated into ions at all and in spectrophotometric work very low concentrations of B and RX can be used.) Evidence for association ratios other than 1 1 can be obtained from indicator studies. The method developed by Kolthoff and Bruckenstein for studying reactions in anhydrous acetic acid fails for reactions in benzene and similar solvents because more than one acid molecule reacts with the indicator to give complexes of the form/w J r"(HX)yi. In such studies it is generally a good approximation... 

Bianchi, C., Birtwistle, G., 2010. Sell, give away, or donate an exploratory study of fashion clothing disposal behaviour in two countries. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 20, 353—368. 

Meyerson, B. J., and Hoglund, A. U., 1981, Exploratory behaviour and socio-sexual behaviour in the male laboratory rat a methodological approach for the investigation of drug action, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 48 168-180. 

Laboratory mice have been used as the model rodent to demonstrate the potential of aversive social odors to manage populations. Chemical constituents in the urine of dominant male mice have been shown to inhibit the exploratory behaviour of subordinate mice in laboratory-based arena studies. Two constituents, a and P-famesene, have been patented as mouse repellents (Novotny, Harvey Jemiolo, 1993). However, we do not know what effect these chemicals have on free-living rodent populations, where dominance hierarchies may not always exist. The scent marks left by dominant male rats within family groups appear to act not so much as warning signals for strange rats, but as aids to orientation (Lund, 1975). In the context of controlling rat populations, social odors are unlikely to produce the immediate reduction in numbers required to control a troublesome rat... 

Shillito, E. E., 1963, Exploratory behaviour in short-tailed vole,... 

Exploratory investigations have been performed for uranium-free core. Several compaction and separation scenarios have been analyzed and compared to the behaviour of EFR and reference CAPRA cores. 

Hale and Hovden (1998) described management and culture as the third age of safety. The first age was about technical measures, the second about human factors and individual behaviour (Hale and Glendon 1987) and these merged with the technological approaches. Catchpole et al. (2011) in their summary of the development of patient safety research in healthcare, characterised early human factors work in patient safety as focusing on attempts to locate the source of error within medicine. Other exploratory work, took a number of forms, including review of patient s case notes (Vincent et al. 

Settlement is a reversible, exploratory and behavioural response of mature larvae as they descend and undertake active site selection, and this differentiates settlement from the process of metamorphosis (Pawlik, 1990 Widdows, 1991 Lutz and Kennish, 1992 Gosling, 2003). Mussel... 

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