Important Observations

Wliat does one actually observe in the experunental spectrum, when the levels are characterized by the set of quantum numbers n. Mj ) for the nonnal modes The most obvious spectral observation is simply the set of energies of the levels another important observable quantity is the intensities. The latter depend very sensitively on the type of probe of the molecule used to obtain the spectmm for example, the intensities in absorption spectroscopy are in general far different from those in Raman spectroscopy. From now on we will focus on the energy levels of the spectmm, although the intensities most certainly carry much additional infonnation about the molecule, and are extremely interesting from the point of view of theoretical dynamics. 

Research based on Wolff s law of bone transformation has resulted in some other important observations. Fluctuating loads, such as those that occur in walking, are better for bone than consistentiy appUed loads, such as weight gain. However, if the effective appUed load becomes extreme, pressure necrosis, ie, bone death, occurs. Pressure necrosis is a significant concern in hip arthroplasty. Necrosis means the localized death of living tissue. Undue pressure on living cells causes death. Some total hip replacement failures are the direct result of pressure necrosis. 

Near edge x-ray absorption fine stmcture spectroscopy (nexafs) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) have been used to study SAMs of OTS, octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), CH2(CH2) ySi(OCH2)3, and (17-aminoheptadecyl)-trimethoxysilane (AHTMS), H2N(CH2) ySi(OCH3)3 (149). A number of important observations have been reported. First, the chains in OTS SAMs are practicaUy perpendicular to the substrate surface (tilt angle... 

The important observation from this data, however, is that it tends to support the basic premise suggested in the previous section namely, geometric statistics appear to provide for the gross trend of the distribution data, without alluding to specific material or kinematic properties. More specific... 

Some materials, like glass, have low and K, and crack easily ductile metals have high Gf and and are very resistant to fast-fracture polymers have intermediate G, but can be made tougher by making them into composites and (finally) many metals, when cold, become brittle - that is, G and fall with temperature. How can we explain these important observations ... 

This example leads us to a very important observation. While pollution prevention may seem like the obvious thing to do, it is not always cost effective, and investments into re-engineering processes must be carefully scrutinized. In fact, in this example, we see environmental legislation that actually discourages investments into green technologies, which in itself is contrary to national policy under the Pollution Prevention Act. 

Fig. 4.61 illustrates that the mould temperature is quite different from the set oven temperature (330°C) or indeed the actual oven temperature, throughout the moulding cycle. An even more important observation is that in order to control the rotational moulding process it is desirable to monitor the temperature of the air inside the mould. This is possible because there is normally a vent tube through the mould wall in order to ensure equal pressures inside and outside the mould. This vent tube provides an easy access for a thermocouple to measure the internal air temperature. 

Based on these results, the optimal single interception for the problem is to use activated Carbon adsorption to separate CE fhim the gaseous stream leaving the reactor (t> = 1) and reduce its composition to y " = 4.55 ppmw CE (which corresponds to removing 4.57 x 10 kg CE/s from v = 1). The optimal solution has a minimum operating cost of approximately 576,250/yr. Several important observations can be drawn from the list of generated solutions ... 

In 1930, in one of many pioneering studies, Carothers showed that certain condensation polymers could be cyclic or macrocyclic rather than exclusively linear. In addition to this very important observation, he showed that thermolysis in vacuo of certain polymers could also yield macrocyclic materials. Quite a number of papers have been published on this subject since that time, especially dealing with the chemistry of phthalate " , isophthalate " ", and terephthalate esters Many of these structures are tabulated at the end of this... 

However, such an explanation was not convincing for other authors. Maeda and Kojima found that the irradiation of 2-phenylthiazole in ethanol at 80°C led to the same products described before but in a different ratio. Under the same reaction conditions, 5-phenylthiazole gave 4-phenylisothiazole, while 4-phenyl-thiazole was converted into 3-phenylisothiazole. The most important observation those authors made was that deuterium incorporation occurred when the reaction was carried out in benzene at 80°C in the presence of deuterium oxide. In fact, 2-phenylthiazole furnished deuterated 3-phenyl-4-deuteroisothiazole and... 

The most important observation about the BBMCA is that since any BBM circuit can be translated into a BBMCA circuit (albeit with whatever number of time and/or cross-over delays might be required), the BBMCA is, like the BBM itself, a universal computer. 

Harvey (1952) noted R. S. Anderson has tested Aequorea at Friday Harbor and found that his hydromedusan will luminesce under strict anaerobic conditions. It was an extremely important observation retrospectively. The ability to luminesce in the absence of oxygen had been also observed with Medusa hemisphaerica by Macartney (1810) and with radiolarians, ctenophores, and Pelagia by Harvey (1926b). 

Two important observations were made in this study of magnetite [101]. Firstly, the [Fe2]04 spinel framework remained intact during the lithiation process, and secondly, the interstitial space of 8a tetrahedra and 16c octahedra provided a three-... 

It has been shown in Chapter 5, the fluorescence quenching of the DPA moiety by MV2 + is very efficient in an alkaline solution [60]. On the other hand, Delaire et al. [124] showed that the quenching in an acidic solution (pH 1.5-3.0) was less effective (kq = 2.5 x 109 M 1 s 1) i.e., it was slower than the diffusion-controlled limit. They interpreted this finding as due to the reduced accessibility of the quencher to the DPA group located in the hydrophobic domain of protonated PMA at acidic pH. An important observation is that, in a basic medium, laser excitation of the PMAvDPA-MV2 + system yielded no transient absorption. This implies that a rapid back ET occurs after very efficient fluorescence quenching. 

Among the important observations that have been made by studying the Raman spectra of molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces (Table X), the following may be noted. The list is not intended to be exhaustive. 

In the carbon-14 expts, HMX/RDX product was isolated qualitatively, separated Into its components, and each component assayed for carbon-14 beta radioactivity using a liquid scintillation counting technique (Ref 11). DPT-l4C was isolated as an intermediate product from the reaction mixt and similarly radioassayed. For the nitrogen-15 tagged AN expts, HMX and RDX were assayed mass spectrometrically for i5N/i4N ratios from which atom %1SN contents were calcd. In die course of these expts, each tagged species was added initially and also at subsequent stages of the reaction process. The important observations and results are summarized as ... 

The important observation from the data in Table 3 is that NC samples subjected to acid bod followed by tetrahydrofuran (THF)-benzene treatment yielded essentially the same sulfate contents as samples subjected to THF-benzene treatment alone. From this the authors interpret that sulfate contents from THF-benzene treatments actually represent absolute values of the difficult-to-remove sulfate which may very well be true sulfate ester . It is also tentatively concluded that approximately 90% of the original sulfate content in unstabilized NC is readily removable sulfuric acid with the remainder the more difficult-to-remove sulfate ester. Dilute acid boil treatment of NC for 56 hours does not eliminate all of the free sulfuric acid and leaves the difficult-to-remove sulfate practically unchanged... 

Catalysts which enhance the burning rate of composite propellants are generally believed to accelerate the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, but the catalytic mechanism is still not very clear. The important observed aspects of this catalysis can be summarized as follows ... 

Barnett (B3) considered the relevance of quality to burn-out and made the important observation that for uniformly heated round tubes, the burn-out... 

The significance of this relationship is that although qx and q2 are not state functions, q/T is a state function, since the sum of the q/T terms in the cycle add to zero. This important observation led to the formulation of the entropy function. 

The most important observation is that in the series of (li)-diazoates one finds a shift of the NO bond to higher frequencies and of the NN bond to lower frequencies on changing from electron-donor to electron-acceptor substitution in the 4-position. 

A comprehensive and critical compilation has been published relatively recently on gas-phase molecular geometries of sulfur compounds including sulfoxides and sulfones5. This book covers the literature up to about 1980 and contains virtually all structures determined experimentally, up to that date, either by electron diffraction or microwave spectroscopy. Here we shall highlight only some of the most important observations from that source5 and shall discuss recent results in more detail. 

This is an important observation and is frequently encountered in electrochemical promotion experiments ... 

This point is confirmed by Figure 8.12 which shows the effect of anodic polarization (I=+200pA) on the rate enhancement p value of QH4 oxidation on Ir02 as a function of the molar Ir content in the Ir02-Ti02 mixture.19 There are three very important observations to make on this remarkable figure ... 

There is an additional important observation to be made in Fig. 9.25 regarding the magnitude of the relaxation time constant, x, upon current imposition Electrochemical promotion studies involving both solid electrolytes and aqueous alkaline solutions have shown that x (defined as the time required for the catalytic rate increase to reach 63% of its final steady-state value upon current application) can be estimated from ... 

The following very important observations must be accounted for in any mechanistic proposal cells were incubated with a mixture of (2 -l3C)AIRs and (3-,5N)AIRs. A mass-spectrometric analysis of the product of biosynthesis showed that this was a mixture of two pyrimidines, one labeled at the methyl carbon atom, the other at N-l no pyrimidine twice labeled or unlabeled was observed these latter would have arisen from recombination of fragments carrying C-2 or N-3. The conclusion is that the fragments containing C-2 and N-3, orig-... 

Notably, the higher the mass flux, the earlier annular flow is reached. Bubbly flow is more or less non-existent for mass fluxes exceeding 1,000 kg/m s. The most important observation about the flow patterns is that their transitions are controlled primarily by the rate of coalescence, which is not recognized as a contributing factor by any of the micro-scale or macro-scale flow pattern maps. 

Al-Shuaili (cited in Johnstone Al-Shuaih, 2001, p. 44) showed that the dominant stimulus may have to be played down if it is in danger of masking other important observations. This does not imply that the teacher should give all the answers before the laboratory, but rather prepare the observational faculties for what is to come . A further complication to observation is that apparatus often masks a phenomenon. Johnstone and Al-Shuaili (2001) recommended that teachers should explain apparatuses so that the class can focus attention on the phenomenon. 

Another important observation is that breakage occurs at the critical condition only if the time of imposed stresses acting on the drop, tp, exceed the response time of the drop, C the ratio of the two time scales is given by the drops time constant dp/A.1. If the imposed stresses are removed such that tp is less than tj., the drop will recover unbroken. 

In our case we note that the most important observations for parameter estimation are the initial one (determining, more than any of the others, the likely value of the parameter yO) and the last one, which is the most informative observation on the combination of values of parameters a and b. 

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