Minimal behavioral responses

The majority of individuals exposed to trauma are resilient and do not develop PTSD. As in humans, lower mammals also have individual differences and heterogeneity of stress responses. Recent animal models of PTSD attempt to take into account this heterogeneity. Cohen et al., 2006 review two measures—performance on the elevated plus maze and acoustic startle response, used to mimic symptoms of PTSD. In their model, they differentiate animals that display stress-induced extreme behavioral responses (EBR) on both of these tests from those that display minimal behavioral responses (MBR). Different types of stress paradigms caused different proportions of EBR and MBR, similar to the suggestion in clinical literature that more severe stress increases incidence of PTSD. In Cohen s study, although stress led to an EBR immediately after the stressor in 100% of the animals, only 25% of the animals continued to show EBR 30 days following stress. 

Prairie vole young show high levels of stress in response to social isolation, while montane vole offspring show minimal behavioral or physical response to separation (Insel et ah, 1997). Prairie voles are much more vocal than montane voles during social separation (Winslow et al., 2000). It is suggested that this difference is related to diversity in OT receptor distribution across vole species. This phenomenon is an interesting parallel to the differences in pup vocalization (and therefore socialization) seen between OT knockout pups and their wild-type counterparts. 

The regulation of body fluid and sodium homeostasis requires central nervous system mechanisms to coordinate information regarding body fluid status with the appropriate physiological and behavioral responses. Mechanisms have evolved to ensure that the physiological and behavioral responses to a body deficit are appropriate. For example, during periods of water deprivation, renal mechanisms minimize loss of body water. Secretion of the pituitary hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), is increased and acts on... 

For amperometric collision detection using electrocatalytic amplification (EA), one finds an appropriate electrode potential where the particle materials give its maximum current while the inert electrode displays a minimal current response. As shown in Figure 8.1, by comparing the electrochemical behavior of the electrocatalytic reaction of interest on two different electrode materials, the useful applied potential is easily determined. In other words, the catalytic difference between the two materials is used to detect catalytic NPs at a less catalytic electrode. NPs can be detected... 

A key feature of MFC is that future process behavior is predicted using a dynamic model and available measurements. The controller outputs are calculated so as to minimize the difference between the predicted process response and the desired response. At each sampling instant, the control calculations are repeated and the predictions updated based on current measurements. In typical industrial applications, the set point and target values for the MFC calculations are updated using on-hne optimization based on a steady-state model of the process. Constraints on the controlled and manipulated variables can be routinely included in both the MFC and optimization calculations. The extensive MFC literature includes survey articles (Garcia, Frett, and Morari, Automatica, 25, 335, 1989 Richalet, Automatica, 29, 1251, 1993) and books (Frett and Garcia, Fundamental Process Control, Butterworths, Stoneham, Massachusetts, 1988 Soeterboek, Predictive Control—A Unified Approach, Frentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1991). 

Treatment goals for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are to improve behavior, increase attention/response inhibition (ability to stay on task), and minimize side effects associated with pharmacotherapy. 

Since blast-resistant design is based on structural response beyond elastic limits into the inelastic range, buildings should be carefully designed in a manner that minimizes stress concentrations, brittle behavior, and abrupt failures. Some of the significant design considerations for steel and reinforced concrete blast-resistant structures are briefly summarized in this section. 

Cornell discussed the significance of the component effects and nonlinear blending behavior by examination of the coefficients of the fitted model and by contour plots. No optimal formulation, however, was determined by this analysis. A minimization of the response by the Complex algorithm yielded the optimum response of -2.204 achieved at ... 

The Schottky barriers were excellent diodes for films annealed at 600 °C, with turn on voltages of 0.6-0.8V and minimal reverse bias leakage.48 However, many of the contacts on the as-deposited films gave large reverse bias currents and nearly ohmic responses. This behavior is indicative of degeneracy of the semiconductor because of a high carrier density resulting from native defects. The improvement in the diode behavior of the annealed films is attributed to enhanced crystallinity and reduction of defects. 

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