Epidemiological approach

Azar A, Snee RD, Habibi K. 1975. An epidemiologic approach to community air lead exposure using personal air samplers. In Griffin TB, Knelson JH, eds. Lead. Stuttgart, West Germany Georg Thieme Publishers, 254-290. 

Epidemiology. Using the epidemiological approach the following preconditions have to be met in order to establish a dose-effect relationship ... 

Estimation of Illicit Drug Use in the Ebro River Basin 5.1 Sewage Epidemiology Approach... 

Case-control studies start with patients that had the event of interest, often an adverse event (such as phocomelia), and compare the previous events (such as medications used) in the patients lives to those in a group of control patients who did not have the event of interest. These studies are especially useful to generate ideas about causes of uncommon events. The example of thalidomide-induced phocomelia is a classic example of the use of this epidemiological approach. 

Promotes pharmacoepidemiology, a science that applies epidemiologic approaches to studying the use, effectiveness, value, and safety of pharmaceuticals. 

Andersson, K. (1998) Epidemiological approach to indoor air problems. Indoor Air, 8, (Suppl. 4), 32-9. 

Peterson NJ, Samuels LD, Lucas HF, et al. 1966. An epidemiologic approach to low-level radium 226 exposure. Public Health Rep 81 805-814. 

In the present article we survey the application of experimental and epidemiologic approaches in the prevention of reproductive hazards in the work place. He also discuss the types of chemicals that women are exposed to and the changing role of women in the labor force. 

Khoury MJ Flanders D (1996) Nontraditional epidemiologic approaches in the analysis of gene-environment interaction case-control studies with no controls. Am J Epidemiol, 144 207-213. 

Thus, we have three situations in which four different epidemiologic approaches could be used to investigate health effects associated with hazardous waste sites or any environmental contamination. 

Biomarkers can also be used to identify factors that increase the likelihood that an individual will develop disease. This is an important area of research in molecular epidemiology as it becomes more evident that not all risk factors will contribute to disease equally across the human population. Therefore, in order to determine whether an environmental agent is related to disease, those factors that are also required for disease development need to be taken into account. Otherwise, many disease risk factors may go undetected. Examples of susceptibility factors that can be ascertained using biomarkers are some viral infections, which may predispose to specific diseases (for example, HIV infection and Kaposi sarcoma) or HBV infection and liver cancer. Biomarkers can also be used to measure dietary factors that can contribute to disease. The most common susceptibility factor studied using a molecular epidemiological approach are hereditary factors, which are discussed in the following section. 

The presence of the combined alleles Ml and Tl, which mark deficiencies in glutathione-5-transferase genes, increases susceptibility to tacrine hepatotoxicity (5). It would be interesting to use this molecular epidemiological approach to identify the role of combinations of glutathione-S-transferase genotypes in other adverse drug reactions. 

Burkle, F. M. (2002). Mass casualty management of a large scale bioterrorist event An epidemiological approach that shapes triage decisions. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 20, 409-436. 

Recognition of Unusual Patterns. Recognition of unusual patterns requires a population-based or epidemiological approach to data analysis and interpretation. What would constitute an unusual pattern of disease occurrence Essentially, it is a cluster that does not fit. A cluster is an aggregation of cases of a disease or other health-related condition... which are closely grouped in time and place (CDC, 1992, p. 429). Again, baseline information is needed for comparison to evaluate what is unusual. 

To be certain that a chemical causes a particular disease in a population of humans is clearly no easy task. Simply showing that the chemical is present in the environment in which victims live is not sufficient. Both a means of exposure and a level of exposure must also be shown. One of the problems with using human data and the epidemiological approach is that many human diseases have more than one cause. Without a demonstration that chemical exposure has occurred in each case of the disease the cause cannot be ascribed to the chemical. This may be difficult but the... 

Hoigne R, Lawson DH, Weber E. Risk factors for adverse drug reactions — epidemiological approaches. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990 39 321-5. 

To identify opportunities for reducing medication errorS/ it is important that each error be carefully reviewed by a limited number of individuals to gain intimate knowledge of each reported incident. Collection and classification of error data must be followed by use of a careful epidemiological approach to problem solving at the system level. Narrative data which may not be seen by looking at the categorical data alone/ can be used to provide important details about proximal causes and latent error that may have contributed to the event. Success in this type of error reduction requires the reviewers to read between the lineS/ look for common threads between reports/ and link multiple errors that are the result of system weaknesses. 

Braun S., Rihm B., Schindler C., and Fluckiger W. (2000) Growth of mature beech in relation to ozone and nitrogen deposition an epidemiological approach. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116, 356-364. 

Ibanez L, Juan J, Perez E, Came X, Laporte JR. Agranulocytosis associated with aprindine and other antiarrhythmic drugs an epidemiological approach. Eur Heart J 1991 12(5) 639-41. 

Fukushima M. Environmental pollution by cadmium and its health effects an epidemiological approach to the itai-itai"disease. In New methods in environmental chemistry and toxicology. Coulston F, Koprte F, Goto M (editors). International Academic Printing Co,Tokyo 1973 p. 231-252. 

All these epidemiologic approaches are judged by the following criteria ... 

Hrelia P, Maffei F, Angelini S, and Forti GC (2004) A molecular epidemiological approach to health risk assessment of urban air pollution. Toxicology Letters 149(1-3) 261-267. 

Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Browner WS, Grady D, Hearst N, Newman TB. 2001. Designing Clinical Research, an Epidemiologic Approach - Second Edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins New York. 

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