Behavioral Risk Factors

Anton RF, Pettinati H, Zweben A, et al A multi-site dose ranging study of nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 421 28, 2004 Aragon CM, Stotland LM, Amit Z Studies on ethanol-brain catalase interaction evidence for central ethanol oxidation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15 165-169, 1991 Arizzi MN, Correa M, Betz AJ, et al Behavioral effects of intraventricular injections of low doses of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in rats studies with low and high rate operant schedules. Behav Brain Res 147 203—210, 2003 Azrin NH, Sisson RW, Meyers R, et al Alcoholism treatment by disulfiram and community reinforcement therapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 13 105—112, 1982 Babor TF, Kranzler HR, Lauerman RL Social drinking as a health and psychosocial risk factor Anstie s limit revisited, in Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol 5. Edited by Galanter M. New York, Plenum, 1987, pp 373 02... 

Risk Factor—An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic, that is associated with an increased occurrence of disease or other health-related event or condition. 

The risk factors for hepatitis C and hepatitis B are quite similar thus, the risk of acquiring the HCV is minimized by avoiding contaminated blood products and high-risk behaviors... 

Fergusson DM, Fergusson JE. Horwood LJ, et al. 1988a. A longitudinal study of dentine lead levels, intelligence, school performance and behavior. Part I. Dentine lead levels and exposure to environmental risk factors. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 29 781-792. 

Seddon, JM, Gensler, G, Klein, ML, and Milton, RC, 2006. C-reactive protein and homocysteine are associated with dietary and behavioral risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Nutrition 22, 441 443. 

FIGURE 59-1. Pharmacotherapy treatment algorithm. A select population of individuals, based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) together with concurrent risk factors, may benefit from medication therapy as an adjunct to a program of weight loss that includes diet, exercise, and behavioral modification. (CHD, coronary heart disease DM, diabetes mellitus, HTN, hypertension INC WC, >40 inches for males and >35 inches for females LCD, low-calorie diet.)... 

In addition to biological and environmental factors that influence the onset and course of drug-related problems, there also are many individual risk factors. These variables can include those related to a person s actions or behavior, those related to the way a person thinks, or those related to the experience of emotions. The next few sections will discuss in detail these personal variables that can be related to drug problems in some people. 

Dewey, K.G., Nommsen, L.A., Heinig, M.J., and Cohen, RJ. (2003). Risk factors for subopti-mal infant breastdeefing behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics 112, 607-619. 

California State Department of Health Services, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) study of 4,000 randomly selected adults statewide, first in 1995 and replicated in 1996, in press with American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999. 

Early adolescent smoking onset is a risk factor for severe addiction and difficulty in smoking cessation in adulthood (Breslau and Peterson 1996). Therefore, it is significant that nicotine has more potent rewarding effects in adolescent as opposed to adult rodents (Adriani et al. 2004 Belluzzi et al. 2004 Vastola et al. 2002). However, several studies suggest that adolescent rodents develop physical nicotine dependence less readily than adults, as indicated by less severe nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Unlike adult rats, continuously nicotine-infused adolescent rats failed to display mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal behaviors (O Dell et al. 2004, 2006). They also displayed less mecamylamine-precipitated conditioned place aversion than adults (O Dell etal. 2007). In addition, nicotine-infused adolescent rats experienced smaller mecamylamine-precipitated ICSS threshold elevations than adults (Kota et al. 2007). Nicotine-infused adolescent mice also displayed fewer spontaneous and mecamylamine-precipitated somatically expressed withdrawal behaviors... 

Phthalates are suspected of acting as endocrine disrupters also in humans, affecting male and female reproductive tract development. Exposure to PAEs in adult men has been associated with semen quality and alterations in sexual behavior [104], and with endometriosis and intrauterine inflammation (which is a risk factor for prematurity) in adult women [105, 106], as well as other effects. These studies suggest that DEHP may play a role in inducing the intrauterine inflammatory process. Besides the reproductive effects of PAEs, recent studies have also shown the genotoxicity of DEHP, DBP, and DiBP in human lymphocytes and mucosal cells [107,108]. 

CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) http //aps.ncdd.cdc.gov/brfss... 

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