Beetroot

Vanillin, CgHgOj, is one of the most important synthetic perfumes. It is the active odorous ingredient of the vanilla pod, in which it occurs to the extent of about 2 per cent., appearing on the surface of the bean as a fine white crystalline efflorescence. It occurs naturally also in Sumatra benzoin (about 1 per cent.), Siam benzoin (15 per cent.), and the balsams of Tolu and Peru (traces). Numerous other bodies have been recorded as containing it, such as asafoetida, beetroot and asparagus, the seeds of Lupinus albus, the seeds of Sosa canina, etc. 

Beete, /. beet, beetroot, befihigen, v.t. enable, qualify, befahl, pret. (of befehlen) commanded, etc. befallen, v.t. befall attack, befangen, p.a. embarrassed prejudiced, befassen, v.t. handle deal with. — v.t. engage, be engaged, deal (with). 

Mangold, m. beet, beetroot specif., mangel-wurzel, mangel. 

Rube, /. (rote) beet, beetroot (gelbe) carrot (weisse) turnip rape. 

Riiben-asche, /. beet ashes (usually see Rube), -beizung, /. beet-seed disinfection, -brei, m. beet(root) pulp, -breiapparat, m. Sitgar) root pulper. -brennerei, /. beet (molasses) distillery, -essig, m. beet vinegar, beetroot vinegar. 

Riiben-harzsaure, /. resin acid of beets, -melasse,/. beet molasses, beetroot molasses, -pottasche, /. potash from beet molasses, -pulpe, /. beet pulp, -rohzucker, m. raw beet sugar. -saft, m. beet(root) juice, -samen, m. turnip, rape-, beet, or carrot seed, -schlempe, /. beet vinasse. -schnitzel, m. beet chip, beet slice, -sirup, m. beet sirup, beetroot sirup, -spiritus, m. beet spirit (from beet molasses), -stecher, m. beet sampler. 

Riibenzucker, m. beet sugar, beetroot sugar, -fabrik, /. beet-sugar factory. -Industrie, /. beet-sugar industry. 

Runkel, /., -riibe, /. beet, beetroot, -rliben-melasse, /. beet(root) molasses, -riiben-zucker, m. beet sugar, beetroot sugar. Runzel, /. wrinkle fold, crease, rumple, bil-dung, /. wrinkling, creasing. 

Pitman, M.G. (1963). The determination of the salt reactions of the cytoplasmic phase in the cells of beetroot tissue. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 16, 647-68. 

Escribano, J. et al., SubceUular localization and isoenzyme pattern of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in beetroot Beta vulgaris L), J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 6123,2002. 

Nilsson, T., The pigment content in beetroot with regard to cultivar, growth, development and growing conditions, Swed. J. Agric. Res., 3, 187, 1973. 

Chalermchat, Y, Fincan, M., and Dejmek, P, Pulsed electric field treatment for solid-hquid extraction of red beetroot pigment mathematical modelling of mass transfer, J. Food Eng., 64, 229, 2004. 

As for anthocyanins, betalains are found in vacuoles and cytosols of plant cells. From the various natural sources of betalains, beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) are the only edible sources of these compounds. In the food industry, betalains are less commonly used as natural colorants from plant sources than anthocyanins and carotenoids, probably related to their more restricted distribution in nature. To date, red beetroot is the only betalain source exploited for use as a natural food coloring agent. The major betalain in red beetroot is betanin (or betanidin 5-0-P-glucoside). Prickly pear fruits contain mainly (purple-red) betanin and (yellow-orange) indicaxanthin and the color of these fruits is directly related to the betanin-to-indicaxanthin ratio (99 to 1, 1 to 8, and 2 to 1, respectively in white, yellow, and red fruits)." ... 

Betalains have shown strong antioxidant activities in biological environments such as membranes and LDLs," -" suggesting that the consumption of betalain-colored foods may exert protective effects against certain oxidative stress-related diseases (i.e., cancers) in humans. Beetroot has been used as a treatment for cancer in Europe for several centuries. The high content of betanin in red beetroot (300 to 600 mg/kg) may be the explanation for the purported cancer chemopreventive effects of beets. 

Despite their potential health-promoting effects as dietary antioxidants, the fate of betalains in humans has been poorly studied. Betalain bioavailability was first demonstrated in humans by the appearance of betacyanins in urines after ingestion of beetroot extract" and red beet juice," indicating that these compounds are indeed absorbed. Although intact betacyanins (betanin and isobetaiun) appeared rapidly in human urine with a maximum excretion rate observed within 2.5 to 8 hr," betacy-anin recoveries in human urine were usually low (< 1% of the dose) over 24 hr postdose, suggesting that either the bioavailabifity of betacyaiuns from red beetroot is low or that renal clearance is a minor excretion route for these compounds. 

Krantz, C., Monier, M., and Wahlstrom, B., Absorption, excretion, metabolism and cardiovascular effects of beetroot extract in the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 18, 363, 1980. 

Kujala, T., Loponen, J., and Pihlaja, K., Betalains and phenolics in red beetroot Beta vulgaris) peel extracts extraction and characterisation. Ztschr. Naturforsch. C/J. Biosci., 56, 343, 2001. 

Lee, C.-H. et al., Betalains, phase II enzyme-indncing components from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extracts, Nutr. Cancer, 53, 91, 2005. 

Beetroot juice-based colors Beet powder, E 162 0.35% betanin Red beet juice, maltodextrin Bluish red Condiments, gelatin products, fruit preparations, sauces, candies, power beverage products... 

Nilsson, T., Studies into the pigments in beetroot Beta vulgaris L. vulgaris var. rubra L.), Lantbrukshog. Ann., 36, 179, 1970. 

Kujala, T.S. et al., Betalain and phenolic compositions of four beetroot Beta vulgaris) cultivars. Fur. Food Res. TechnoL, 214, 505, 2002. 

Carrots, sugar beet, fodder beet, beetroot, chicory roots, horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, parsley roots, swedes... 

Fincan M, DeVito F and Dejmek P 2004. Pulsed electric field treatment for solid—liquid extraction of red beetroot pigment. J Food Eng 64(3) 381—388. 

The Betalaines. The main pigment in the concentrated colour beet red is betanin. This is classified as El62 by the EU. The pure pigment is obtained by aqueous extraction of the red table beet. Approximately 80% of the pigment present in beetroot is betanin. 

SAQ 9.5 A solution of beetroot juice is strongly coloured. The incident beam shining through it I0 emits 4 x 1010 photons per second, and the emergent beam emits 109 photons per second. Calculate the absorbance of the solution. 

How much beetroot juice does the stain on the plate contain ... 

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