Chicory root

Carrots, sugar beet, fodder beet, beetroot, chicory roots, horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, parsley roots, swedes... 

Mejer, H., Roepstorff, A., Thamsborg, S. M., Hansen, L. L. and Knudsen, K. E. B. (2005). Effect of feeding with chicory roots on Oesophagostomum dentatum and Ascaris suum infections in pigs . Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the WAAVP, 16-20 October 2005. Christchurch, NZ, p 222. 

The catalyzed telomerization of butadiene has been applied to other polysaccharides such as inulin (22) (Fig. 20) which is a polyfructose extracted from Jerusalem artichokes (tuber) or from chicory (roots). This soluble polymer is easily telomerized under mild conditions and the degree of substimtion is also dependent on the reaction conditions [20] (Fig. 20). 

Franssen et al. [24] pointed out an alternative method of production of nootkatone from valencene catalysed by (-i-)-germacrene A hydroxylase, an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase type that was isolated from chicory roots. In general, this enzyme appeared to accept a broad range of sesquiterpenes and hydroxylates exclusively at the side-chain s isopropenyl group. Valencene is an exception it was not hydroxylated at the side chain, but -nootkatol was formed in the first step (Scheme 22.5) it is not yet clear if the second step is enzyme-catalysed. 

Coumarin is a natural product found at high levels in some essential oils, particularly ciimamon leaf oil (40 600 ppm (mg/kg)), ciimamon bark oil (7000 ppm), other types of cinnamon (900 ppm), cassia leaf oil (17 000-87 300 ppm), peppermint oil (20 ppm), lavender oil, woodruff and sweet clover as well as in green tea (0.2-1.7 ppm), fruits such as bilberry and cloudberry and other foods such as chicory root (Boisde Meuly, 1993 TNO, 1996 Lake, 1999). It is also found in Mexican vanilla extracts (Sullivan, 1981 Maries etal, 1987). 

Fructose syrup. In addition to the glucose/fructose syrups mentioned above, a fructose syrup has been produced using inulin as a source. Inulin is the fructose analogue of starch, and the chicory root is the standard source for commercial hydrolysis. Fructose syrups are usually too expensive for routine use in beverage production but they have been employed where a particular claim is to be made for fructose. They have also been used for the adulteration of fruit juices as they are chemically difficult to detect. Detection is possible at the sub-molecular level by techniques such as stable isotope ratio measurement. Fructose is also manufactured using sucrose as a starting material. 

O Caramel-like O Roasted chicory root O Reminiscent of roasted chicory root with an unmistakable undertone of maple sirup... 

Antimicrobial and Nematicidal Substances from Chicory Root... 

We found that the ether and ethyl acetate extracts of chicory roots exhibited the best nematicidal activities. The extracts were separated according to their acidity to give organo-acidic, phenolic, basic and neutral fractions. The phenolic fraction was found... 

The nematicidal activities of extracts from different parts of a chicory root were examined. The relative survival ratios (R. S. R.) at the root skin, inner root tissue, wounded root tissue and hairy roots were measured (Figure 3). The extract from the root skin exhibited the highest nematicidal activity. Interestingly, the nematicidal activity of an acidic fraction from rhizoplane soil was much higher than that from bulk field soil. We found that some phenolics from the root also exhibited nematicidal activity. Thus, it seems that secondary metabolites such as terpenoids and phenolics can play an important role in chicory defense. 

These carbohydrates may be added to all kinds of foods, such as cereals, cakes, biscuits, and health drinks. They can be extracted from things like chicory root or produced from sugar by the action of specific enzymes. A little FOS is also to be found in bananas, leeks, and wheat, and the other prebiotics also occur naturally, but no fruit or vegetable by itself can supply the 5 g of oligosaccharides needed daily to boost the good bacteria. Indeed the normal person s diet contains only about 2 g of these carbohydrates. 

Dimethy1-U-hydroxy-3 (2H)-Furanone Odor of roasted chicory roots (102). 

Berghofer, E., Cramer, A., and Schiesser E., Chemical modification of chicory root inulin, in Inulin and Inulin-Containing Crops, Fuchs, A., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 135-142. 

It requires a far greater investment in a nonrecyclable aerial canopy at the expense of tuber yield. This differential is readily apparent when contrasting the harvest index between chicory roots and Jerusalem artichoke tubers (e.g., Schittenhelm, 1999). 

Classens, G.A., Van Laere, A., and De Proft, M., Purification and properties of an inulinase from chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), J. Plant Physiol., 136, 35-39, 1990. 

Van den Ende, W., Michiels, A., De Roover, J., Verhaert, P., and Van Laere, A., Cloning and functional analysis of chicory root fructan 1-exohydrolase I (1-FEH I) a vacuolar enzyme derived from a cell-wall invertase ancestor Mass fingerprinting of the 1-FEH I enzyme, Plant J., 24, 447 156, 2000b. 

Process for producing dried preparations from Jerusalem artichoke tubers and chicory roots, and the dried preparations obtained by the process... 

Another group of compounds that have been related to the aroma of heated foods is the furanones. Teranishi (1971) summarized the findings on several of the furanones (see Figure 7-23). The 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-dihydrofuranone (1) has a caramel or burnt pineapple odor. The 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-dihydrofuranone (2) has a roasted chicory root odor. Both compounds may contribute to beef broth flavor. The 2,5-dimethyl-3-dihydrofuranone (3) has the odor of freshly baked bread. Isomaltol (4) and maltol (5) are products of the caramelization and pyrolysis of carbohydrates. 

An example looking at a new application of inulin (Figure 14-2). Inulin is a polysaccharide obtained from chicory roots. It is a foodstuff with the interesting properties sweet, nonfattening and healthy. Although it sells well in the food industry, the company is looking for other markets. The question to be answered by a team of three students is could we use inulin as a filler-binder for pharmaceutical tablets ... 

Inulin" Raftiline, Raftincreaming From chicory roots... 

In order to demonstrate that scale-up can be successfully performed from lab to commercial scale, we performed the atomization of inulin (a polysaccharide extracted from chicory root) from NMP solutions (300 g/L) by antisolvent with supercritical CO2 (20 MPa, 40 °C) After the first test a lab scale (XO.l), we prepared samples in three plants 2 g in XI, 20 g in XIO, and 200 g in XlOO (80). As shown in Figure 11, the particle size distributions (by volume) are strictly the same at the three scales in the range for which we want to obtain a nondusty powder. Moreover, this work permits us to show that the fluid/substance ratio ( 50 kg/kg) can be optimized at a much lower value than generally stated in most publications (500-10,000). Extended work is now ongoing on therapeutic molecules and for smaller-sized particles on a large scale. 

Quant, of organic acids in sugar refinery juices with CZE ind. UV det. Variety of organic acids in sugar beet and chicory root extract juices Dilution of juices or syrups with DI water... 

Sannai A., Fujimori T. and Kato K. (1982) Studies on flavor components of roasted chicory root. Agric. Biol. Chem. 46, 429-33. 

Wohrmann R, Averbeck M, and Maier H.G. (1997b) Volatile minor acids in coffee. III. Contents in chicory roots and barley malt. Dtsch, Lebensm. Rundsch. 93, 285-6. 

Fmctose (10 g 4) is a relatively harmless sugar for diabetics. In order to obtain it from sucrose, the latter is first inverted by HCl. Sucrose is thereby split into two fmctose molecules. Concentration and crystallization processes are then similar to those described for D-glucose. There is also a polyfmctanoside called inulin that occurs in chicory roots, but its isolation is difficult. 

Fig. 11.4.2. Analysis of chicory root extract. Numbers refer to length of saccharide chains. Chromatographic conditions column, Spherisorb S5 NH2 (250X4.6 mm) mobile phase, acetonitrile-water (60 40) flow rate, 2.0 ml/min detection, refractive index. Reproduced from Macrae (1982), with permission.

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