Beetle population control

Cut, Pile and Burn. While some natural enemies do survive other direct controls, most are killed as a result of this long-used tactic. Much of the mortality to natural enemies incurred from use of the aforementioned tactics could be eliminated by treating only those trees that contain active beetle populations. T. dubius and other predators have a longer developmental time than their host. Since parasites arrive later in the colonization process, they also remain in trees after pest emergence. 

Control In early morning, shake beetles from plants onto dropcloths, then drown them in soapy water cover plants with floating row cover apply milky disease spores or parasitic nematodes to sod to kill larvae attract native species of parasitic wasps and flies organize a community-wide trapping program to reduce adult beetle population spray plants attacked by beetles with neem. 

Widespread use of mirex may lead to altered population structure in terrestrial systems, with resurgence or escalation of nontarget pests due to selective mirex-induced mortality of predators (NAS 1978). For example, populations of immature horn flies and rove beetles, two species of arthropods normally preyed upon by fire ants, were higher in mirex-treated areas than in control areas (Howard and Oliver 1978). Conversely, other species, such as crickets, ground beetles, and various species of oil-loving ants, were directly affected and populations were still depressed or eliminated 14 months posttreatment (NAS 1978), whereas fire ants recovered to higher than pretreatment levels, as judged by mound numbers and mound size (Summerlin et al. 1977). 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

Many animals in the garden feed on pests. Some, like lady beetles, are more obvious than others, and get most of the thanks. Some we like for aesthetic or sentimental reasons and readily inflate their importance in the pest control stakes, such as toads. But many insignificant creatures work unnoticed, keeping pest populations below threshold levels. The animals pictured and described overleaf are effective pest control agents in the garden. 

Severe reduction in populations of amphipods, dragonfly naiads, corixid nymphs, and some adult beetles. Increased populations of snails, aquatic insect adults, and 2 species of fish. No change in 27 taxa. Results confounded by severe drought in experimental and control areas... 

It is the intent of this paper to explore the various control tactics that are being suggested in the management of bark beetles in the forest system with specific attention given to the potential impact on the predator population. Similar arguments could be extended to other bark beetle mortality agents such as the parasite community. Primary examples and control tactics discussed will be drawn from our experience with the southern pine beetle, I). frontalis, a major pest in the southeastern U.S., along with other bark beetles in North America. 

Bait Trees and Trap Out. In these treatments, behavioral chemicals (i.e. aggregation pheromones) are combined with a direct control method to produce beetle mortality. Baited trees have been evaluated using frontalure in a trap-tree application with the herbicide cacodylic acid (9, 10). This treatment was only partially effective. However, this technique does not affect the adult natural enemy population, but rather the FI generation of the natural enemy population which is killed. 

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