Trap trees

Bait Trees and Trap Out. In these treatments, behavioral chemicals (i.e. aggregation pheromones) are combined with a direct control method to produce beetle mortality. Baited trees have been evaluated using frontalure in a trap-tree application with the herbicide cacodylic acid (9, 10). This treatment was only partially effective. However, this technique does not affect the adult natural enemy population, but rather the FI generation of the natural enemy population which is killed. 

Practical use of pheromones started in 1978. That year we used 110.000 trap-trees sprayed with an insecticide (Lindane). The first year we used one dispenser with an initial loading of 70 mg cis-verbenol and 10 mg ipsdienol. A second dispenser was loaded with 100 mg methylbutenol. In 1979 we adjusted the loading and used only one dispenser containing all 3... 

The use of insecticide-sprayed trap trees is very labour intensive. For this reason we developed traps for the bark beetles. During the summer of 1978 we tested and evaluated more than 15 different cylindrical traps. The best trap is a black, rigid, drainpipe of polyethylene (12,5 x 135 cm). The pipe has 900 holes (diam. 3,5 mm) a lid covers its top while its bottom has a funnel and a collection bottle. 

The bark beetle Ips typographies is the main pest of mature spruce in most of the spruce forests of Europe and Northern Asia. Under epidemic conditions, the beetles are able to overcome and utilize relatively healthy and vigorous trees. Control measures have been undertaken in Europe for more than 200 years, mainly by harvesting or burning infested trees and by felling trap trees. 

To aggregate the beetle in standing trap-trees which were felled and removed soon after attack ( , 9). 2. On lindane-sprayed... 

Traps compared to Trap Trees. Trap-trees have been used in Europe for more than 200 years to control the spruce bark beetle (14). One reason for developing pheromone traps is to replace the trap-tree method, which has become more and more expensive. An average trap-tree (20 cm d.b.h.) will be occupied by about 6500 beetles (12). Average trap-catches in 1980 were 7406 beetles. Within 2-3 weeks parent beetles occupying a trap-tree have utilized the phloem suitable for breeding so most of them emerge to attack another tree. After 3-4 weeks only 10-20% of the beetles are left. Trap-trees therefore have to be removed from the forest... 

Another disadvantage of the trap-tree system is that the trap -trees remove large numbers of parasites and predators of the bark beetle. By selectively trapping bark beetles in pheromone baited traps, the ratio of natural enemies to bark beetles is increased. It is probable that this altered survivorship in turn may result in higher bark beetle mortality rates. 

Harz-alkohol, m. resin alcohol, -austauscher, m. ion-exchange resin, -baum, m. pitch tree (applied to various conifers), -bildung, /. resin (or rosin) formation, (of gasoline) giim-ming. -brei, m. a viscous material trapped in the pores of a synthetic plastic, resin magma, -cerat, n. Pharm.) rosin cerate, -elektrizi-tat, /. resinous (negative) eleetricity. 

Though measurements of solar output have been taken only for the past eighteen years, longer trend patterns can be derived from indirect data sources, such as ice cores and tree rings. Cosmic rays, which fluctuate with the sun s activity, also strike constituents of the atmosphere, creating radioactive versions of certain elements. Beiyllium, in particular, is ionized to "Be by cosmic rays. The "Be then gets incorporated into trees as they grow, and is trapped in bubbles in ice masses, as is carbon dioxide. 

The first pesticide exposure study was reported by Griffiths et al. (1951). Parathion was trapped on respirator filter discs during application to citrus trees. Batchelor and Walker (1954) expanded exposure monitoring to include the estimation of potential dermal exposure using pads attached to workers clothing. Durham and Wolfe (1962), in their classic review of worker exposure methodologies, also provided some experimental validation for the best available methods. 

Frankincense, also called olibanum, is a natural oleo gum resin that exudes from incisions in the bark of Boswellia trees [46, 47]. Diterpenes like incensole or isoincensole and their oxide or acetate derivatives (see Figure 10.3) are characteristic biomarkers of olibanum [48]. Although diterpenoid hydrocarbons possessing the cembrane skeleton have been isolated from a variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, their occurrence and particularly that of cembrenes A and C (see Figure 10.3) is supplementary proof of the presence of olibanum in a sample. Optimisation of the SPME conditions was done with the aim of trapping these low volatile diterpenes. 

Table 36.1 Familiarity and evolutionary history with target prey species, faecal mass (mean SE), and collection details of odour sources used in camera traps. a(Strahan 1995), b(Cogger 1994), c(lones, Rose and Burnett 2001), d(Kruuk and Jarman 1995), e(Corbett 1995), /(Butler 1969 Cal-aby and Lewis 1977 Calaby and White 1967 Dawson 1982 Horton 1977), EP. Latch, personal communication, hBFP = Brisbane Forest Park, The Gap, Queensland LPKS = Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Fig Tree Pocket, Queensland CSIRO = CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Crace, ACT...

Mirex and chlordecone are no longer made or used in the United States. Mirex and chlordecone were most commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s. Mirex was used as a pesticide to control fire ants mostly in the southeastern part of the United States. It was also used extensively as a flame retardant additive under the trade name Dechlorane in plastics, rubber, paint, paper, and electrical goods from 1959 to 1972 because it does burn easily. Chlordecone was used to control insects that attacked bananas, citrus trees with no fruits, tobacco, and ornamental shrubs. It was also used in household products such as ant and roach traps. Chlordecone is also known by its trade name Kepone . All registered products containing mirex and chlordecone were canceled in the United States between 1977 and 1978. 

Left, from top) Caring for fruit Seep hose laid around strawberries mulohing around newly planted fruit trees pruning to oreate an open-centered gooseberry bush a simple beer trap protecting ripening fruits from wasps. 

Shake traps into a bucket of soapy water to kill the earwigs, or liberate them on fruit trees. 

---