Battery technology

When nickel hydroxide is oxidized at the nickel electrode in alkaline storage batteries the black trivalent gelatinous nickel hydroxide oxide [12026-04-9], Ni(0H)0, is formed. In nickel battery technology, nickel hydroxide oxide is known as the nickel active mass (see Batteries, secondary cells). Nickel hydroxide nitrate [56171-41-6], Ni(0H)N02, and nickel chloride hydroxide [25965-88-2], NiCl(OH), are frequently mentioned as intermediates for the production of nickel powder in aqueous solution. The binding energies for these compounds have been studied (55). 

H. V. Venkatasetty, ed., Hthium Battery Technology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1984. 

Efforts to develop commercially viable EV versions of advanced battery systems continue. The ultimate goal is to develop battery technology suitable for practical, consumer-acceptable electric vehicles. The United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) has been formed with the express purpose of accelerating development of practical EV batteries (83). 

D. Shackle, 4th International Seminar on Uthium Battery Technology and Applications, Deerfield Beach, Fla., Mar. 1989. 

The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is one of a number of new battery technologies which have been developed in the last ten years. TTiis battery system, operating at room temperature, offers several advantages compared to conventional aqueous battery technologies, for example,... 

The galvanic cell studied (shown in Fig. 5.24) utilizes a highly porous solid electrolyte that is a eutectic composition of LiCl and KCl. This eutectic has a melt temperature of 352 °C and has been carefully studied in prior electrochemical studies. Such solid electrolytes are typical of thermal battery technology in which galvanic cells are inert until the electrolyte is melted. In the present case, shock compression activates the electrolyte by enhanced solid state reactivity and melting. The temperature resulting from the shock compression is controlled by experiments at various electrolyte densities, which were varied from 65% to 12.5% of solid density. The lower densities were achieved by use of microballoons which add little mass to the system but greatly decrease the density. 

The cathode is FeSj and the anode is a Li(Si) alloy. These materials were also selected as materials that have been carefully studied in thermal battery technology. All materials in the cell are moisture sensitive and were handled under dry room conditions available at the author s laboratory. 

Portable electronic manufacturers had the foresight to realize that battery technology was not keeping up with innovation in electronic technology, and it probably never would. To satisfy consumer demand for smaller and more powerful electronic devices that could go a longer time between charges, improvements in the energy efficiency of the devices themselves were required. 

To further reduce weight and improve energy density, several companies are developing thin lead film electrodes in a spiral-wound construction with glass fiber separators. Already on the market for cordless electric tools, this battery technology may eventually be used in electric vehicles. 

The popularity of EVs did not last. By the 1920s, the performance of ICE vehicles improved dramatically, and the earlier major drawbacks had been solved. Ironically, the replacement of the dangerous hand crank -with a battei y-powered electric starter was a major innovation accelerating ICE vehicle sales at the expense of EV sales. At the same time, there were no concurrent solutions to the limitations of battery technology for EVs that addressed the demand to drive faster and farther. 

Dasoyan, M. A. and Aguf, I. A., Current Theory of Lead Acid Batteries, Technology Ltd, Stonehouse, with ILZRO Inc. N.Y. 46 (1979)... 

Fig. 8.41 Permeation cell using battery technology (after Arup")...

It is not possible to survey the presently existing battery technology here, but much recent information is contained in Ref. [1], and extensive basic literature is contained in Ref. [2], also scheduled to be re-issued... 

Figure 2. Section through a cylindrical AA-size alkaline Mn02-Zn cell. Primary cells and the rechargeable cells discussed later have same construction and differ only in separator type, electrode compositions, and cathode / anode balance. (Reproduced by courtesy of Battery Technologies, Inc.).

D. Tuomi in Proc. Symp. on History of Battery Technology (Ed A. Salkind) The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1987, p. 21. 

E. Peled, D. Golodnitsky, G, Ardel, J. Lang, Y. Lavi, Proc. 11th Int. Sem. on Primary and Secondary Battery Technology and Applications, Eds. S.P. Wolsky, N. Marincic, Florida, 1994. 

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