Battery technology current

The need for better batteries is a recurring theme in the effort to reduce energy consumption and in the effort to make electricity increasingly portable. As the world depends more and more on portable devices and turns to electric vehicles to reduce pollution, it becomes important that lightweight, long-lived batteries be developed. Additional desirable features of batteries include safety, dependability, environmental friendliness, and cost. This article considers battery technology currently used in transportation, including in electric vehicles and spacecraft. 

Dasoyan, M. A. and Aguf, I. A., Current Theory of Lead Acid Batteries, Technology Ltd, Stonehouse, with ILZRO Inc. N.Y. 46 (1979)... 

Among new technologies currently available, the hydrogen fuel cell seems to be the most promising. It consists of a battery that consumes hydrogen to produce electricity, and produces water as exhaust. 

Modeling has become an important tool in developing new battery technology as well as for improving the performance of existing commercial systems. Models based on engineering principles of current distribution and fundamental electrochemical reaction parameters can predict the behavior of porous... 

Advances in the past few decades have improved car battery technology immensely. Many lead batteries currently manufactured are labeled as maintenance free. This refers to the fact that the acid level in them does not have to be checked. The addition of water to a lead battery is necessary because the charging process causes water to undergo electrolysis. This process creates... 

Within a given line of battery technology, energy and power density typically are inversely related. Increasing the energy density requires maximization of active electrode material mass per battery mass and thus requires minimization of the amount of additional components (such as current collector, conductive additives, or void space for optimizing electronic and ionic connectivity within an electrode material, see Section 3.5.5), most of which are beneficial for increased power densities. 

Without considering batteries and other chemical storage devices, there are effectively six types of primary or direct fuel cell technologies currently being developed alkaline fuel cells (AFC), polymer electrolyte fuel... 

Today, iontophoresis of drugs across skin or mucosal membranes is a non-invasive (needleless) method where the rate of delivery is primarily determined by the magnitude of the applied current, making patterned and on-demand delivery possible. Commercially available devices are typically bench-top systems with discrete patches connected to a power supply by electrical cables. However, due to recent innovations in electronic circuitry and battery technology, ionto-phoretic treatments can be administered with small, integrated patch-like systems. 

Two VRLA battery technologies are currently predominant, i.e., absorptive glass mat (AGM) and gel designs. In the former, the AGM immobilizes the electrolyte and simultaneously functions as a separator. In gel batteries, the acid is immobilized by means of fumed silica, and an additional separator is required to fix the plate distance and to prevent electronic shorts. 

Current developments in battery technology, electrochromic devices (see Box 22.4) and research into electrically powered vehicles make use of solid electrolytes (see Box 10.3). The sodium/sulfur battery contains a solid 3-alumina electrolyte. The name (3-alumina is misleading since it is prepared by the reaction of Na2C03, NaN03, NaOH and AI2O3 at 1770K and is a non-stoichiometric compound of approximate... 

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