Battery Technology Solutions

FIGURE 7.12 Continuous paste mixer. (From Battery Technology Solutions Inc. Available at http //www.batechsol.com.)... 

Battery Technology Solutions Inc. Available at http //www.batechsol.com. 

When nickel hydroxide is oxidized at the nickel electrode in alkaline storage batteries the black trivalent gelatinous nickel hydroxide oxide [12026-04-9], Ni(0H)0, is formed. In nickel battery technology, nickel hydroxide oxide is known as the nickel active mass (see Batteries, secondary cells). Nickel hydroxide nitrate [56171-41-6], Ni(0H)N02, and nickel chloride hydroxide [25965-88-2], NiCl(OH), are frequently mentioned as intermediates for the production of nickel powder in aqueous solution. The binding energies for these compounds have been studied (55). 

The popularity of EVs did not last. By the 1920s, the performance of ICE vehicles improved dramatically, and the earlier major drawbacks had been solved. Ironically, the replacement of the dangerous hand crank -with a battei y-powered electric starter was a major innovation accelerating ICE vehicle sales at the expense of EV sales. At the same time, there were no concurrent solutions to the limitations of battery technology for EVs that addressed the demand to drive faster and farther. 

Battery technology has developed enormously in recent years. One of the most useful types of batteries is known as the lithium battery, but there are actually several designs only one of which will be described. In one of the types, the anode is constructed of lithium or a lithium alloy hence the name. A graphite cathode is used, and the electrolyte is a solution of Li[AlCl4] in thionyl chloride. At the anode, lithium is oxidized,... 

The problem of triple ion formation has been studied in detail, because it is related to lithium battery technologies [18]. In some cases, however, the occurrence of the minimum in the log A-log c curve, as observed in Fig. 7.2, is not attributed to triple-ion formation but is explained by ion-pair formation only. The increase in log A at high electrolyte concentrations is attributed either to the increase in the distance of closest approach of ions, the increase in the solution permittivity, or the decrease in the activity coefficient of the ion-pairs. Although there is still some controversy, it seems certain that triple ions are actually formed in many cases. 

From several points of view (for example, in battery technology), it is extremely important to have solutions of maximum specific conductivity. Basically, the specific conductivity increases proportionally to the concentration of ions. On this simplistic ground, it would seem important to have as high a concentration as possible up to the solubility limits. However (see the work of Haymet described in Chapter 3), increasing concentration leads to an inaease of ionic association which decreases the concentration of conducting entities. Also, as... 

Consuming patterns have over recent years seen a dramatic increase in the use of portable equipment for entertainment and work (such as music and video players, laptop computers and mobile phones with multi-functionality). This has increased the demand for batteries, but at the same time found limitations of the battery technology that seem difficult to avoid even with increasing conversion efficiencies. Fuel cells with small-scale stores are an obvious solution to these problems, because the technical performance is already far beyond that of batteries (e.g., operating a state-of-the-art laptop computer for a few days rather than a few hours). The difference between these otherwise similar technologies is the external storage of chemicals for a fuel cell versus the internal storage in batteries. 

Depending on the application and the battery chemistry, the functions within the tasks are different. For small batteries, some of the Ksted functions are available as single- or multiple-chip solutions. For example, lithium-ion battery packs for cellular phones and laptop computers contain, as a minimum, a safety-management function. In the case of larger battery systems, the BMS is more complex and must be individually developed for the battery technology and the application. 

Several recommendations resulted. But there was no clear, comprehensive solution for the advanced battery technology. ... 

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