Batteries main characteristics

Yazami, R., Carbon-hthium negative electrode for hthium ion batteries main characteristics and features, in Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries, C. Julien and Z. Stoynov, Eds., Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam, 2000, pp. 105-159. 

The main characteristics of cylindrical AAA size metal-air batteries with PANI/TEG catalysts, as well as standard Zn-Mn02 battery have been gathered in the Table 5. Realization of all types of batteries in the same AAA size gives the possibilities for comparison of above electrochemical systems for some applications. 

The sealed nickel—metal hydride battery has characteristics very similar to those of the sealed NiCd battery. The main difference is that the NiMH battery uses hydrogen, absorbed in a metal alloy, for the active negative material in place of the cadmium used in the NiCd battery. The NiMH batteries have a higher energy density and are considered more environmentally friendly than the NiCd battery. The sealed NiMH battery, however, does not have the very high rate capability of NiCd battery, and is less tolerant of overcharge. 

Work with PPy and PAni has reached the industrial stage. Bridgestone-Seiko has been selling coin-shaped 3-V polyaniline-based batteries for 5 years (1987-1992), and polypyrrole-based batteries were developed by Varta/BASF in the same period. Such batteries have lower energy densities than those of conventional batteries, but they are superior in terms of selfdischarge. The main characteristics of a typical PAni battery are compared to those of lead and Cd-Ni batteries in Table 4. The values mentioned for energy density and electric capacity density refer to the active material alone. 

A more detailed description of different types of batteries and other electric energy storage systems for electric vehicles can be found in Sect. 5.3, while a description of the main characteristics and properties of fuel cells for automotive application is given here, starting from some basic concepts of electrochemistry and thermodynamic, and focusing the attention on the operative parameters to be regulated to obtain the best performance in the specific application. 

TABLE 27.1. Main Characteristics of Some Supercapacitors and Pulse Batteries (Sharma P, Bhatti T (2010))... 

It is most convenient to use Ragone diagrams for the comparison of the main characteristics of electrochemical devices. Figure 30.1 shows a Ragone diagram for diverse commercial electrochemical devices conventional electrolytic capacitors, electrochemical supercapacitors (ECSCs), batteries, and fuel cells (Pandolfo and Hollenkamp, 2006). One should point out that it is mainly electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) of all the available ECSC types that are produced at present. 

TABLE 30.1. Comparison of the Main Characteristics of Batteries, Supercapacitors, and Lectrolytic Capacitors... 

Several types of primary batteries have been developed that use lithium-metal anodes and solid cathodes. This entry reviews the more common commercial systems, namely Li-FeS2, Li-MnOa, and Li-CFx- Readers are referred to the relevant sections for information on Li-V20s and Li-Ag2V40ii cells that are used for reserve and medical battery applications, respectively. There has been a wide range of cathodes developed in the laboratory and also marketed for specialty applications [1], but most have never been produced commercially. (Li-CuO cells were made for some military applications [2], but production was discontinued in the mid-1990s). Before going into details on the aforementioned three types mostly used in consumer applications, we will cover the main characteristics that they have in common. 

The main characteristics of nickel chloride batteries are given below, quoted for the models which are commercially available at present ... 

The description of these different types of batteries is important, because the criteria for choosing a technology appropriate for a given application do not depend solely on the mass energy or the cost per kWh stored, as we might be led to think on the basis of the most commonplace analyses. There are other factors to be considered, such as the lifetime, the type of cycling, safety, etc. Therefore, this book will begin with a chapter which will show the diversity of applications for batteries and the main characteristics... 

The Nova DPM 9003 measures hydration even more superficially than the Comeometer—at the level of the stratum comeum only—and is used mainly for measurements of improved skin hydration. Different probe sizes are available depending on the specific testing needs. The instrument is easy to carry (small size) and easy to use (self-calibration, pressure control by means of a spring into the probe, automatic switch when applied to the skin, etc.) it can be used with a battery. A characteristic of the dermal phase meter (DPM) is the ability to record skin surface hydration in a continuous mode, which makes this instrument very suitable for specific studies investigating the kinetics of water desorption from skin [115]. 

Five driving cycles are considered in the study to evaluate the impact of advanced lithium-ion batteries on fuel economy HDDS (urban dynamometer driving schedule), HWFET (highway fuel economy test), LA92 (1992 test data from Los Angeles), NEDC (new European driving cycle) and Ford ATDS. The main characteristics of each cycle are summarized in Table 8. 

I t 1 General Requirements and Methods of Test. (First edition) 19 pages. Applies to lead—acid traction batteries intended for installation in electric traction vehicles or materials handling equipment and lays down, in general terms, their main characteristics and methods for their testing. ( 24.16). 

Dry cells (batteries) and fuel cells are the main chemical electricity sources. Diy cells consist of two electrodes, made of different metals, placed into a solid electrolyte. The latter facilitates an oxidation process and a flow of electrons between electrodes, directly converting chemical energy into electricity. Various metal combinations in electrodes determine different characteristics of the dry cells. For example, nickel-cadmium cells have low output but can work for several years. On the other hand, silver-zinc cells are more powerful but with a much shorter life span. Therefore, the use of a particular type of dry cell is determined by the spacecraft mission profile. Usually these are the short missions with low electricity consumption. Diy cells are simple and reliable, since they lack moving parts. Their major drawbacks are... 

Currently, graphite-based lithium ion batteries use mixed solvent electrolytes containing highly viscous ethylene carbonate (EC) and low viscosity dilutants such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or diethyl carbonate (DEC) as main solvents. EC is indispensable because of its excellent filming characteristics. DMC and/or DEC are required to get the low temperature... 

Cheng et al. carried out the impedance study on a foam-type NiMH battery with nonwoven PP separator to determine the main causes of early cycle deterioration. Their data indicated that the decrease in the voltage characteristic of the battery was due to drying out of the separator that increases the ohmic resistance of the battery and that decay of the total discharge capacity is due to an inactive surface that increases the charge-transfer of the battery. 

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