Basic Equipment and Components

Basic equipment and components An HPLC system comprises four key components, namely (1) solvent pump(s) (delivery of mobile phase) (2) sample injector (3) HPLC column (stationary phase) and (4) detector linked to recording device. The basic components comprising an HPLC system are illustrated in Figure 7.8. 

UL has six basic services it offers to manufacturers, inspection authorities, or government officials. These are product listing service, classification, service, component recognition service, certificate service, inspection service, and fact finding and research. UL s Electrical Department is in charge of evaluating individual plastics and other products using plastics as components. The Electrical Department evaluates consumer products such as TV sets, power tools, appliances, and industrial and commercial electrical equipment and components. 

When one considers the costs in establishing a microbiology component in a laboratory, two questions arise early on (1) Is it necessary (2) How much will it cost As discussed at the conclusion of this section, the answer to the first question may well be no. However, assuming such is not the case, this appendix outlines the basic equipment and supplies required to accomplish the goal. 

The primary purposes of testing related to shock and vibration are to verify and characterize the dynamic response of the equipment and components thereof to a dynamic environment and to demonstrate that the final design will withstand the test environment specified for the product under evaluation (Chapter 2). Basic characterization testing is usually performed on an electrodynamic vibration machine with the unit under test hard-mounted to a vibration fixture that has no resonance in the pass band of the excitation spectrum. The test input is a low-displacement-level sinusoid that is slowly varied in frequency (swept) over the frequency range of interest. Since sweep testing... 

Extended from MPLD to include the additional category of couplings which originate common cause failures (a logic diagram that shows how functional, equipment and component failure combine to cause a system malfunction) These are represented in fault-tree-like structures, except that basic events are not represented as leaf events but are listed in the lower left part of the tree and connected to gates though a sort of matrix (Mauri, 2000). 

Overseas Construction Costs Although Table 9-55 gives location factors for the construction of chemical plants of similar function in various countries at 1993 values, these may vaiy differentially over a period of time owing to local changes in labor costs and productivity. Hence, it is often necessaiy to estimate the various components of overseas construction costs separately. Equipment and material prices will depend on local labor costs and the availability of raw materials. If the basic materials have to be imported, costs in the source area become important and import duties and freight charges must be added. 

To the basic current requirement is applied the derating faetors for various service conditions, as noted in Section 1.5.4.2. The equipment, devices and components may then be cbosen to be as close (nearest higher) to this rating as possible from the available standard ratings. Based on these ratings, the minimum cross-sectional areas of the other current-carrying parts used in the circuit, such as interconnecting links and the cables-are calculated. 

Many data cells in the CCPS Taxonomy use equipment boundaries found in available generic data sets in which equipment and service is similar to that in the CPI. The boundaries established for other data cells were generally combinations of normal equipment modules—such as pump, seals, coupling, motor and base plate, or refrigeration units—and functionally interdependent basic and auxiliary components, such as motor controllers. Boundaries may change as greater amounts of equipment reliability data become available. 

This chapter introduces the basic items of design and specification for the principal systems and components of an electrical industrial installation. Electrical supply systems are discussed with regard to interface with the supply authorities and the characteristics. Salient features of switchgear, transformers, protection systems, power factor correction, motor control equipment and standby supplies are identified and discussed together with reference to the relevant codes of practice and standards. The equipment and systems described are appropriate to industrial plant installations operating at typically 11 kV with supply capacities of around 20MVA. 

The separation of liquid mixtures by distillation depends on differences in volatility between the components. The greater the relative volatilities, the easier the separation. The basic equipment required for continuous distillation is shown in Figure 11.1. Vapour flows up the column and liquid counter-currently down the column. The vapour and liquid are brought into contact on plates, or packing. Part of the condensate from the condenser is returned to the top of the column to provide liquid flow above the feed point (reflux), and part of the liquid from the base of the column is vaporised in the reboiler and returned to provide the vapour flow. 

The basic features of an epr spectrometer are shown in Figure 2.95. The microwave source is a Klystron tube that emits radiation of frequency determined by the voltage across the tube. Magnetic fields of 0.1 — 1 T can be routinely obtained without complicated equipment and are generated by an electromagnet. The field is usually modulated at a frequency of 100kHz and the corresponding in-phase component of the absorption monitored via a phase-sensitive lock-in detector. This minimises noise and enhances the sensitivity of the technique. It is responsible for the distinctive derivative nature of epr spectra. Thus, the spectrum is obtained as a plot of dA/dB vs. 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a heterogenous immunoassay. Reactions involve a solid phase to which components are sequentially presented and successively bound. This method is very effective in the determination of the total alkaloid content. The positive characteristics of this method are the use of non-toxic reagents and basic equipment with low costs, a small sample volume and the ability to measure alkaloids in crude sample extracts. According to the literature, compared with results obtained from GLC, the precision of ELISA for quinolizidine alkaloids is not as high as that of the gas chromatography procedure, but is adequate for plant breeding purposes. The use of enzymes in developing the methods of quinolizidine alkaloids analysis looks likely to increase in the future. 

In situ measurements of the emission and absorption characteristics of the atmosphere always lag behind theoretical developments and laboratory studies. This is primarily attributable to equipment limitations. The laboratory environment is basically friendly, and there, experimenters are not usually faced with limitations of equipment weight, size, and power, and there is no necessity to design to meet adverse environmental conditions. This is not the case when field measurements are undertaken. In the field the elements mentioned above must be considered and solutions provided in order to conduct successful measurement programs. This paper provides a brief synopsis of developments in IR spectroscopy, compares basic system components, and discusses some of our recent efforts to extend measurements techniques, which are now common under controlled laboratory conditions, to the more difficult situation of actual atmospheric measurements. He have not presented a detailed study of a specific single example. Rather, we chose to discuss two typical field instruments and highlight the development of the components of these instruments that ultimately allowed successful system deployment. 

The main aspects which determine the module pattern to be applied are the process parameters, the required process steps including product pre-treatment, extraction and separation, the process enhancements and finally the equipment parameters. The corresponding basic modules and some key components are explained hereafter using current examples of SITEC pilot units built for supercritical fluid extraction purposes. 

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