Basic Configuration

The basic design of an ultrasonic cross-correlation flowmeter (Sheen and Raptis, 1983), as shown by Fig. 5-8, consists of two pairs of transducers positioned in parallel and separated a known distance. The transducers can be mounted by either a clamp-on arrangement or use of special windows that provide a better impedance match to the flow so that more acoustic energy can be transmitted. Pitch-catch is the typical mode of operation. The transducers on one side generate ultrasonic waves in the form of sine tone bursts and the 

FIGURE 5-14 Typical transmitted and received signals for acoustic crosscorrelation flowmeter. 

The operating temperature of a piezoelectric transducer is dictated by the Curie temperature of the piezoelectric ceramic and its front-end coupling material. Commonly used ceramics are lead zirconate titanates (PZTs) whose 

Curie points are in the range of 300-360°C. In practice, once the process 

The matching material is typically a single quarterwave plate of a material 

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The primary driver for the expansion of optoelectronic teclmologies is optical communications [2]. It was realized in the second-half of the 20th century that an increase of several orders of magnitude in bandwidth would be possible if optical waves were used as the carrier for telephone signals. The basic configuration of an optical communication... 

The reciprocating compressor is a positive displacement, intermittent flow machine and operates at a fixed volume in its basic configuration. 

Depending on the accessibility afforded by adjacent equipment, aged ladders and access platforms are often quoted as options by vendors. Square body configuration systems (plan view) have square body and plenum sections. Safety handrails surrounding the plenum are standard. Structural supports are usually optional, the height of which depends on system location. Figures 3 and 4 provide sketches of the two basic configurations. 

Nutsche filters are well suited for handling flammable, toxic, corrosive and odor-noxious materials since they are autoclaved and designed for use in hazardous and ex-proof environments when extremely safe operation is required. They are available in almost any size with the larger machines for a slurry filling batch of 25 m and a cake volume of 10 m Such filters have a filtration area of 15 m and are suitable for fast filtering slurries that produce readily 0.5 m thick cakes. The basic configuration is shown in Figure 11. 

The basic configuration and features of the multiple hearth incinerator are illustrated in Figure 23. This incinerator is the most prevalent incinerator technology for the disposal of sewage sludge in the U.S. due to it s low ash discharge. Sludge cake enters the furnace at the top. The interior of the furnace is composed of a series of circular refractory hearths, which are stacked one on top... 

Time available It takes some time to set up a simulation case. After a basic configuration has run successfully, it is easy and quick to do additional computer simulations with different boundary conditions. Experiments, on the other hand, are generally time-consuming. 

Ideally, experiments and simulations should be performed simultaneously, and the results obtained should complement each other. The computer model for a basic configuration can be verified by comparison with experiment and then applied to more complex configurations. 

It will be noted from the preceding discussion that impurities may induce more than one form of corrosion. The particular types of corrosion and the influence of these impurities work in a developing chain of cause and effect, depending in large part on the specific operating circumstances in question. Such factors include the boiler system basic configurational design, the localized areas of stress, and the temperature of various metal surfaces. 

FIGURE 8.10 Basic configuration of instrumentation used for off-line AEX x UHP-RPLC. 

In general, a comprehensive separation strategy implies the desire to resolve/analyze all components within a sample. In the specific context of a multidimensional chromatographic method, the term is more narrowly applied to indicate that all analytes introduced to the first-dimension separation are also subjected to a second-dimension separation. There are two basic configurations used by our laboratory to carry out comprehensive multidimensional (IEX/RP) protein separations—IEX— Dual Column RP system and IEX—Dual Trap RP system (Figs. 13.1 and 13.2), respectively. 

The simulations evaluated different pipeless plant setups starting from a basic configuration. The scenarios differed by the numbers of stations and of AGVs. As the evaluation criterion the overall production time of the production plans was used. 

Table 3.1 Assignment of technical functions to the stations for the basic configuration...

Basic Configuration Due to the batch sizes of the production plan, six vessels with a capacity of200 kg and 6 vessels with a capacity of500 kg were used. The technical functions were assigned to the vessels such that every product can be produced in every vessel. 

An initial number of stations was determined by an analysis of the recipes. Within the recipes, sub-sequences of unit operations were identified which must be processed without waiting time or in parallel. The remaining unit operations were distributed on existing or new stations, so that the utilization of the stations was approximately evenly distributed and subsequent unit operations could be processed at one station. By this allocation the number of vessel transfers was minimized. An overview on the allocation of technical functions to the stations in the basic configuration is listed in Table 3.1. The numbers of the stations correspond to the labelling of the stations in Figure 3.5. 

In the basic configuration one cleaning station (station 6) and two AGVs were used. The speed of the AGVs was set to 0.025 m s-1. 

Table 3.3 shows in the upper half the relative degrees of allocation and of utilization of the stations of the basic configuration. 

Table 3.3 (bottom) shows the utilization of the stations of the basic configuration 2. In comparison to the basic configuration the production time can be reduced by 13 % and the processing time can be reduced by 30%. The utilization of all other stations increased significantly. 

In order to be able to compare the production times of the reference plant with the pipeless plant (in basic configuration 2), the following production plans were simulated ... 

Fig. 3.7 PPSiM Gantt Chart of the basic configuration 2 (scenario G2).

Drying chambers for freeze drying are built in three basic configurations (Fig. 2.9) ... 

Recently, the simultaneous chromatographic inter-separation of the PGMs (platinum group metals) and base metals by continuous annular chromatography has been demonstrated [46]. The basic configuration of the P-CAC is used to separate the PGMs from base metals and to inter-separate them in the same apparatus is shown in Fig. 9. 

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