Basic Cell Configurations

CdTe devices have achieved 16.7% efficiency in the laboratory [6], whereas CIGS cells have reached 20.0% [7]. The most efficient CIGS devices contain around 30% Ga distributed non-uniformly through the film, with higher concentrations preferred at the front and back of the layer. Kesterites are emerging as suitable In-free materials for absorber layers, but current understanding of the factors that 

The methods available for preparation of the different layers in thin-film solar cells include physical methods such as vacuum sputtering, vapor-phase deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy as well as chemical methods such as chemical vapor-phase deposition, metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy, chemical bath deposition (CBD), and electrochemical deposition (ED). This chapter explores the potential of electrodeposition as a route to the fabrication of absorber layers such as CdTe, CIGS, and CZTS for thin-film solar cells. Electrochemistry may also be usefiil for the preparation of transparent layers such as ZnO this topic has been reviewed by Pauporte and lincot [13]. 

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Fig. 8.14 Schematic diagram of the two basic cell configurations used in beta batteries...

FIGURE 2.8. Dow filter-press cell of Hunter-Otis and Blue. A basic cell configuration B horizontal cross-sectional view. 

In the electrolysis zone, the electrochemical reactions take place. Two basic electrode configurations are used (/) monopolar cells where the same cell voltage is appHed to all anode/cathode combinations and (2) bipolar cells where the same current passes through all electrodes (Eig. 4). To minimize the anodic oxidation of OCL , the solution must be quickly moved out of this zone to a reaction zone. Because the reaction to convert OCk to CIO (eq. 

Process Configuration Figure 22-56 shows a basic cell pair. A stack is an assembly of many cell pairs, electrodes, gaskets, ana manifolds needed to supply them. An exploded schematic of a portion of a sheet-flow stack is shown in Fig. 22-60. 

There are two basic test configurations. The first is a blind flange setup where the sample is clamped between a glass tube containing the liquid and a temperature-controlled heater. In this test, two samples can be tested under identical conditions. The second is a retaining cup clamped onto the sample. Figure 9.7 illustrates the two types of test cells. 

The second group of images is located at positions defined by E)q. (6.60) and dipole moments /i" = /, . Consider now N dipoles in the basic cell and replicate this cell in directions parallel to the walls. Then the total configurational potential energy can be written as (see Appendix F.3.3.2)... 

For electrochemical sensors cell configurations for FIA are almost as numerous as the number of papers describing electrochemical detection. Basically, electrochemical sensor design for FIA falls into one of the following three categories (i) wall-embedded, (ii) cascade-type, and (Hi) end-on sensors (see figure 21.6). 

The standard procedure for stability testing utilizes the 2-electrode short-circuit measurement detailed in Chapter 2-Electrode Short Circuit and j-v . See Section Cell Setup and Connections for 3- and 2- Electrode Configurations for a discussion on basic cell setup and electrolyte selection. 

The basic device configuration typically consists of (i) an electrochromic layer, or mixed conductor, deposited onto a transparent electronic conductor this layer can be coloured or bleached by double injection or ejection of electrons and ions (ii) an electrolyte, or purely ionic conductor, in contact with the above described layer (hi) a counter electrode for storing the ions involved in the electrochromic reaction. Depending on the application, the electrolyte, the counter electrode and the whole cell may possess certain specific characteristics. 

BP) acts, on the one hand, as a positive cathode for one cell and, on the other, as a negative anode for the next cell. A schematic diagram of the fuel cell configuration and basic operating principles of a hydrogen-fed PEMFC and a DMFC are shown in Figure 5.1. 

Several basic flow configurations in electrochemical reactors are depicted in Fig. 1. Flow through a porous layer, as would occur in a fuel cell, is shown in (a). Flow along a single plate and through two parallel plates is shown in (b) and (c). A rotating disk electrode is shown in (d). This ccaifiguration reduces mass transfer... 

At the heart of a PEM fuel cell is a polymer membrane that has some unique capabilities. It is impermeable to gases but it conducts protons (hence the name, proton exchange membrane). The membrane that acts as the electrol5q e is squeezed between the two porous, electrically conductive electrodes. These electrodes are typically made out of carbon doth or carbon fiber paper. At the interface between the porous electrode and the polymer membrane there is a layer with catalyst particles, typically platinum supported on carbon [1]. A schematic diagram of cell configuration and basic operating principles is shown in the Figure in.l. 

The basic bioreactor configurations discussed above for heterotrophic growth (i.e., stirred tanks, bubble columns and airlift bioreactors, packed and fluidized beds) are generally satisfactory for a great majority of bioprocessing needs. In addition, some basic configurations have been especially adapted to better suite specific applications. For example, stirred vessels for animal and plant cell cultures employ different designs of impeller compared to ones... 

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