Bacteriostatic agents

Bacteriorhodopsines Bacteriosms Bactenostasis Bacteriostat Bacteriostatic agent Bacteriostatic water Bacteroides Bacteroides fragilis Bactofugation Bactrim Bactrin... 

Sterile water for injection is used mosdy for the solution or suspension of dmgs just before injection. In containers of 30-mL capacity or less, it may contain a bacteriostatic agent. Inclusion of such agents in larger volumes can cause toxicity. 

Bacteriostatic water for injection is sterile and pyrogen-free and contains bacteriostatic agents. The dmg involved must be compatible with the antimicrobial agents present. 

Bacteriostasis is the process of preventing the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. When the bacteriostat is removed or its power is exhausted, however, the organisms can resume growth. Bis(2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichlorophenyl)methane (hexachlorophene) is a bacteriostatic agent. 

Antiseptic. This term means against sepsis which in general means wound infection. A bacteriostatic agent may prevent sepsis developing in the body especially if the normal body defences against sepsis are operative. For further details, see Chapter 10. 

Several guidelines are available in the literature for the pharmacist who must extemporaneously prepare an ophthalmic solution. The USP contains a section on ophthalmic solutions, as do other compendia and several standard textbooks. Since the pharmacist does not have the facilities to test the product, he or she should dispense only small quantities, with an expiration date of no more than 30 days. Refrigeration of the product should also be required as a precautionary measure. To reduce the largest potential source of microbial contamination, only sterile purified water should be used in compounding ophthalmic solutions. Sterile water for injection, USP, from unopened IV bottles or vials is the highest-quality water available to the pharmacist. Prepackaged sterile water with bacteriostatic agents should not be used. 

Drugs that may interact with nalidixic acid include theophylline, caffeine, oral anticoagulants, bacteriostatic agents, probenecid, antacids (containing magnesium, aluminum, and calcium), sucralfate, iron salts, multivitamins containing zinc, didanosine, antiarrhythmic agents, and melphalan. 

Clindamycin is a chlorine-substituted derivative of lincomycin. However it is more potent and is better absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has therefore replaced lincomycin in most situations. Clindamycin is in principle a bacteriostatic agent. Its indications are mainly limited to mixed anaerobic infections. As mentioned above it has a similar mechanism of action as erythromycin. It selectively inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the same 50s ribosomal subunits. Erythromycin and clindamycin can interfere with each other by competing for this receptor. Also cross-resistance with erythromycin frequently occurs. Resistance is rather chromosomal rather than plasmid mediated and is especially found in cocci and Clostridium difficile. 

Ethambutol is a synthetic agent and not related to any of the other tuberculostatics. Its mechanism of action is not well understood but in actively dividing mycobacteria it appears to be an inhibitor of mycobacterial RNA synthesis. It also has effects on bacterial phosphate metabolism and on polyamine synthesis. It is an bacteriostatic agent and its main function in combination therapy is to delay the occurrence of resistance, mainly against isoniazid and rifampicin. It is well absorbed after oral administration. It is widely distributed, except to the CNS. Protein binding is about 20-30%. It is mainly excreted unchanged in the bile and urine with an elimination half-life of 3 h. Ethambutol is concentrated in erythrocytes and thus provides a depot for continuous release. 

In addition, the solubility of many preservatives in a mostly aqueous system may not be high enough for effective antimicrobial activity. For example, the para-bens often require heating in order to be solubilized. Additionally, it is essential to understand that bacteriostatic agents can partition between organic and aqueous phases in such a way that their activity is significantly reduced. Methyl paraben... 

There has been much emphasis during the last few decades on bacteriostatic agents, which prevent or slow down the rate of bacterial growth and reproduction, so thal the natural protective mechanisms of the body can overcome the infection. These chemicals include the sulfonamide group, such as sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, sulfanilamide, sulfasuxidine, and... 

The most widely used sensor for chloride ions in clinical analyzers is based on an ion-exchanger, a quaternary alkylammonium chloride, dispersed in a plastic membrane. It is not an ideal sensor due to the interference of lipophilic anions (e.g., salicylates, bromides) and lip-ophylic cations (e.g., bacteriostatic agents, anesthetics) and a relatively poor selectivity towards hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates). However, compared to charged anion- and neutral carrier-based membranes that have been tested, it is still the best-suited for automated analyzers. 

All bottles of medium prewarmed by standing in a water bath should be thoroughly dried with tissues (not a dirty towel) before being taken into the aseptic transfer room. Water baths should contain bacteriostatic agents, e.g. Panacide (British Drug Houses Ltd. Appendix 3). 

Aminosalicylic acid Because it is poorly tolerated, aminosalicylic acid [a mee noe sal i SIL ik] is infrequently used today. It is a bacteriostatic agent that acts as a competitive inhibitor for p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in folate biosynthesis2. 

The extraction and purification of serum-derived immunoglobulin fraction in hen egg yolk by the combined treatment of the raw egg yolk with caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate has been reported.64 This simple two-step method proved to be rapid, reproducible, and suitable for batch processing of pooled egg yolks. The extraction procedure had no adverse effects on antibody titer. Caprylic acid is, in fact, a natural substance the concentration of autologous caprylic acid in serum is in the range of 40 ppm.65 No adverse effect of caprylic acid should be expected because of traces present in a pharmaceutical solution. Caprylic acid has a low toxicity for vertebrates but acts as a bacteriostatic agent. 

A very commonly used disinfectant is ethanol-water in neutral or, preferably, in acidic conditions. Aqueous ethanol displays its best germicidal efficiency at a concentration of 60 to 70%. However, the most commonly used concentration in industry is about 20%, because higher concentrations require specific explosion-proof facilities. At 20%, ethanol has no sporicidal effect, its effect on viral inactivation is only partial and it does not destroy pyrogens (it only tends to destabilize large molecular aggregates of lipopolysaccharide molecules). For these reasons, 20% ethanol can only be considered as a bacteriostatic agent. Mixtures of ethanol with bases or acids are somewhat more sporicidal, but are not sufficient to provide sterilization at short incubation times and low temperatures. 

---