Bacterial culture media

Media for yeasts and moulds often have a lower pH (5.5-6.0) than bacterial culture media (7.0-7.4). Lactic acid may be used to impart a low pH because it is not, itself, inhibitory to fungi at the concentrations used. Some fungal media that are intended for use with specimens that may also contain bacteria may be supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics, e.g. chloramphenicol or tetracyclines. 

Use Gelling-agent, viscosity-control agent, puddings, jams, toothpastes, bacterial cultural media, pharmaceuticals. 

Ultimately, the cost of immunosorbent isolation will depend on the entire process and must be evaluated against alternative processes. Consider, as an example, the costs and decisions involved in the purification of urokinase. One course of drug therapy consists of 33 mg of urokinase (4,000,000 CTA units). At the hospital pharmacy the drug costs for one course of treatment are currently 3,000 (9), or 91,000/gram. There are approximately 76,000 patients in the U.S. that could be treated with urokinase therapy each year requiring an annual production of approximately 2,500 g. We have selected a monoclonal antibody that has allowed the purification of urokinase from urine, tissue culture media, and bacterial culture media in a single step with 85% retention of urokinase activity (6). This monoclonal antibody was immobilized at 2 gL l with an immobilization yield of 0.8 and a cycle half number of 300 cycles. The urokinase capacity for the first cycle would be 1.2 gL l of immunosorbent. 

Cisplatin was discovered during electrolysis experiments of bacterial culture media utilizing platinum electrodes. An electrode product exhibited antibacterial activity at very low concentrations. The product, cisplatin, also revealed antitumor activity. Cisplatin crosslinks DNA via ring atoms of purines and possibly pyrimidines, with the elimination of Cl analogously to the bifunctional alkylating agents discussed. Although c/s-platinum can be... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and fumes Uses Emulsifier, gellant, stabilizer, thickener in foods, toothpaste, pharmaceuticals bacterial culture media in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty foods... 

Very small amounts of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiazole-5-acetic acid were determined by chromatographic techniques in bacterial culture medium (41). 

Minard, R.D., Russel, S., and Bollag, J.-M. Chemical transformation of 4-chloroaniline to a triazene in a bacterial culture medium, J. Agric. Food Cbem., 25(4) 841-844, 1977. 

Aseptic fill processes are validated by simulating production conditions and using a bacterial culture medium as the product. This process simulation test is commonly referred to as a media fill. ... 

Bleomycins glycopeptide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces verticillus and used widely for treatment of squamous cell carcinomas, lymphomas and testicular cancer. About 200 different B. are known, differing mostly in the nature of the C-terminal substituent, which can be varied by adding difierent amines to the bacterial culture medium. The clinically used preparation is a mixture of 11 B., known by the trade name Blenoxane the chief constituents are B.A2 (60-70%) and B.B (20-25%) (Fig.). 

In Its simplest terms, catabollte repression results from the presence of catabolltes In the bacterial culture medium, this produces a reduction In the affinity of RNA polymerase for a promoter causing a reduction In the differential rate of enzyme formation (Wanner et al., 1978). Such a repression may occur without change In growth characteristics or even without change In bacterial density. 

Bacterial cellulose has been produced by variants of two basic processes—static and dynamic or agitated culturing. The dynamic culture growth process includes variants such as shake flasks, agitated culture, airlift reactor and rotating disk reactor. In stationary culture the bacterial culture medium is kept rmdisturbed in a shallow container or tray for several days. Here the BC starts to grow at the interface between air and culture medium in the form of a sheet. 

The autoinducer is a low molecular weight compound that is easily leached from the cells into the culture medium. By the propagation of bacterial cells, the concentration of the autoinducer in the medium increases. When the concentration reaches a certain threshold, the biosynthesis of bioluminescence system begins, and the bacteria become luminescent. The process is also called quorum sensing (Fuqua et al., 1994). 

Overexpression of apoaequorin (Inouye et al., 1989, 1991). To produce a large quantity of apoaequorin, an apoaequorin expression plasmid piP-HE containing the signal peptide coding sequence of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) of E. coli (Fig. 4.1.12) was constructed and expressed in E. coli. The expressed apoaequorin was secreted into the periplasmic space of bacterial cells and culture medium. The cleaving of ompA took place during secretion thus the... 

An improved method of producing recombinant aequorin was devised based on the fact that the expression of the peak amount of apoaequorin in bacterial cells occurs several hours before the secretion into culture medium (Shimomura and Inouye, 1999). The cells containing apoaequorin in the periplasmic space, before secretion, are extracted under a very mild condition and, at the same time, converted into aequorin. The purification of the extract by two steps of column chromatography yields a high-purity preparation of recombinant aequorin. 

The bacterial culture converts a portion of the supplied nutrient into vegetative cells, spores, crystalline protein toxin, soluble toxins, exoenzymes, and metabolic excretion products by the time of complete sporulation of the population. Although synchronous growth is not necessary, nearly simultaneous sporulation of the entire population is desired in order to obtain a uniform product. Depending on the manner of recovery of active material for the product, it will contain the insolubles including bacterial spores, crystals, cellular debris, and residual medium ingredients plus any soluble materials which may be carried with the fluid constituents. Diluents, vehicles, stickers, and chemical protectants, as the individual formulation procedure may dictate, are then added to the harvested fermentation products. The materials are used experimentally and commercially as dusts, wettable powders, and sprayable liquid formulations. Thus, a... 

Several studies were performed on the optimization of expression levels of ELP proteins in E. coli. In a recent example, the expression protocol was optimized for an ELP fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP). This fusion protein was expressed and purified in a yield of 1.6 g/L of bacterial culture, which finally yielded 400 mg GFP/L bacterial culture. This extremely high yield was found after uninduced expression in nutrient-rich medium supplemented with phosphate, glycerol and certain amino acids, such as proline and alanine [234]. The influence of fusion order was also examined and it was found that positioning the ELP at the C-terminus of target protein resulted in significantly higher expression levels [35]. 

Biological indicators (Bis) for use in thermal, chemical or radiation sterilization processes consist of standardized bacterial spore preparations which are usually in the form either of suspensions in water or culture medium or of spores dried on paper, aluminium or plastic carriers. As with chentical indicators, they are usually placed in dummy packs located at strategic sites in the sterilizer. Alternatively, for gaseous sterihzation these may also be placed within a tubular hehx (Line-Pickerill) device. After the sterilization process, the aqueous suspensions or spores on carriers are aseptically transferred to an appropriate nutrient medium which is then incubated and periodically examined for signs of growth. Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus in sealed ampoules of cultrrre medium are used for steam sterilization morritoring, and these may be incubated directly at 55°C this eliminates the need for an aseptic transfer. 

Bioaugmentation. Bacterial cultures are added to a contaminated medium this is frequently used in both in situ and ex situ systems. 

A bioslurry phase system consists of the suspension of a solid phase in water or other liquid medium to a concentration typically between 5% and 40% (w/v) and kept under agitation conditions to allow the microbial growth of the indigenous microbiota or a particular inoculated microorganism [114], Bioslurry systems for bioremediation purposes have been mostly conducted with bacterial cultures [146, 147], although in the last few years WRF were also successfully applied to soil bioremediation of PAHs, hexachlorocyclohexane and pentachlorophenol [110, 113, 114],... 

In summary, we may add that bacterial utilization of quinoline and its derivatives as a rule depends on the availability of traces of molybdate in the culture medium [363], In contrast, growth of the bacterial strains on the first intermediate of each catabolic pathway, namely, the lH-2-oxo or 1 II-4-oxo derivatives of the quinoline compound was not affected by the availability of molybdate. This observation indicated a possible role of the trace element molybdenum in the initial hydroxylation at C2. In enzymes, Mo occurs as part of the redox-active co-factor, and all the Mo-enzymes involved in N-heteroatomic compound metabolism, contain a pterin Mo co-factor. The catalyzed reaction involves the transfer of an oxygen atom to or from a substrate molecule in a two-electron redox reaction. The oxygen is supplied by the aqueous solvent. Certainly, the Mo-enzymes play an important role in the initial steps of N-containing heterocycles degradation. 

Tarr and Hibbert13 published the first detailed study of the formation of bacterial cellulose. A systematic series of experiments, conducted with a view to obtaining a culture medium which did not support visible growth of A. xylinum until a suitable source of carbon was added, indicated that a solution (pH 5.0) containing 0.1% asparagine, 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% sodium chloride and 0.5% ethanol satisfied these requirements. Maximum polysaccharide formation oc-... 

Each bacterial colony growing on artificial culture medium is assumed to arise from a single organism colony forming unit (CFU) values therefore reflect the number of viable organisms recovered. 

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