Inoculation of microorganisms

D. Facilities for the inoculation of microorganisms into culture media etc. 

Substrate Control The Substrate (drug) is incubated in the suitable culture medium under the identical conditions of the screen, but without inoculation of microorganisms. This control study is usually conducted prior to the screening experiment to establish the stability of the substrate in the medium. 

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration measured by dilution of test compound in agar inoculated with microorganism. 

The yeast must be so finely dispersed throughout the wort that a quick yeast growth is assured, which leaves no possibiUty for other microorganisms, if any, to develop. The inoculation of yeast occurs through injection directly into the wort pipe. To be used in the next batch of wort, the yeast that is harvested after the end of fermentation must be protected against contamination. 

Seeding Introduction of microorganisms (such as ALKEN CLEAR-FLO 1000 series for aquaculture, 4000 series for grease, and 7000 series for industrial and municipal wastewater) into a biological oxidation unit to minimize the time required to build a biological sludge. Also referred to as inoculation with cultured organisms. 

Batch processing A processing technique in which a bioreactor is supplied with substrate and essential nutrients, sterilized and inoculated with microorganisms, and the process is run to completion followed by removal of products. 

This material was made up with distilled water to provide 41 g per liter, and the mixture was adjusted to pH 7.0 with potassium hydroxide solution. To the mixture were added per liter 5.0 g of calcium carbonate and 7.5 ml of soybean oil. 2,000 ml portions of this medium were then added to fermentation vessels, equipped with stirrers and aeration spargers, and sterilized at 121°C for 60 minutes. After cooling the flasks were inoculated with a suspension of strain No. ATCC 11924 of Streptomyces lavendulae, obtained from the surface of agar slants. The flasks were stirred for 4 days at 28°C at approximately 1,700 rpm. At the end of this period the broth was found to contain cycloserine in the amount of about 250 C.D.U./ml of broth. The mycelium was separated from the broth by filtration. The broth had a pH of about 7.5. Tests showed it to be highly active against a variety of microorganisms. 

Batch fermentation means the cultivation of microorganisms, where the sterile growth medium in desired volume is inoculated with the microorganisms into the bioreactor and no additional growth medium is added during the fermentation. The product will be harvested at the end of the process. Typically, PHA s production is performed using batch fermentation because of low cost for investment and no special control. In addition, sterilization of the feed stock is easier than other fermentation processes, and operation is flexible. 

Only a few studies have been undertaken on the role of bacteria in nitrosation at neutral pH in the Intestinal tract itself. Hashimoto al. (9 ) demonstrated that by changing the equilibrium between different species of microorganisms in the gut, (by administration of antibiotics and inoculation with nitrate-reducing strains) dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) accumulated in the stomach and cecum of rats fed dlmethylamine (DMA) and nitrate. The authors describe only one experimental group, however, and the mechanism of NDMA formation is not clear. 

A. A. Meharg and K. Kilham, Loss of exudates from the roots of perennial ryegrass inoculated with a range of microorganisms. Plant Soil (70 345 (1995). 

Several studies have shown that ferrated pyoverdine-type siderophores can be used as iron sources for plants when added to soils (79,80). However, to date almost all attempts to supply iron to plants by inoculation of hydroponic solutions with siderophore-producing bacteria or by inoculating soils with pseudomonads have been unsuccessful (58,63,81). In experiments with cucumber, inoculation of a hydroponic medium with P. putida or with soil microorganisms and amend-... 

Figure 5.8 Typical industrial-scale fermentation equipment as employed in the biopharmaceutical sector (a). Control of the fermentation process is highly automated, with all fermentation parameters being adjusted by computer (b). Photographs (a) and (b) courtesy of SmithKline Beecham Biological Services, s.a., Belgium. Photograph (c) illustrates the inoculation of a laboratory-scale fermenter with recombinant microorganisms used in the production of a commercial interferon preparation. Photograph (c) courtesy of Pall Life Sciences, Dublin, Ireland...

Bio-Raptor technology uses a combination of ex situ microbial and mechanical processes to treat soils and sludges that are contaminated with hydrocarbons. The Bio-Raptor unit shreds and screens the excavated soil to increase its surface area. Then, the unit sprays and inoculates the soil with a proprietary blend of microorganisms. The soil is heaped into biopiles while the microbes degrade the contaminants. Bio-Raptor systems are commercially available and have been used for full-scale site cleanups. 

The inoculation method was not mentioned in the review, but it is safe to assume that the colony of microorganisms was developed by natural selection, that is, the air or water used in the operation was contaminated with microorganisms, as is true for all but sterilized fluids. The organisms were expected to attach and those that found sufficient food (based on their ability to metabolize the dominant pollutant in the air) would survive. It took 2 months to develop a colony of sufficient size to... 

The source of microorganisms and CP-degradation kinetics are key factors in on-site systems. Development of specific microbial cultures for bioremediation of CPs may involve pure and enrichment culture approaches. The approach of isolation and mass cultivation, followed by inoculation of the treatment system, has been applied to systems using, for example, Flavobacteria (O Reilly Crawford, 1989) and Rhodococci (Valo et al., 1989). The Flavobacterium-based processes sometimes involve addition of supplemental carbon and energy sources during CP treatment. 

The involvement of microorganisms in the breakdown of. v-triazine herbicides was initially detected because repeated applications of. v-triazines in soil (or in artificial media inoculated with soil) caused an increase in microflora that decomposed the herbicides. One of the earliest direct observations of the ability of microorganisms to degrade... 

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