Bacillus poly

Cyclopolypeptide antibiotic from cultures of Bacillus poly myxa. 

CAS 1406-11-7. Generic term for a series of antibiotic substances produced by strains of Bacillus poly-myxa. Various polymyxins are differentiated by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. All are active against certain Gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxin B is most used. 

Ilyinskaya, S. A., and V. S. Rossovskaya Biological peculiarities of Bacillus poly-myxa Ross, and the conditions for bottom synthesis of polymyxin. Antibiotiki No 4, 10 (1958). 

Packaging materials which have a smooth, impervious surface, free fi cm crevices or interstices, such as cellulose acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly vinylchloride, and metal foils and laminates, all have a low surface microbial count. Cardboard and paperboard, unless treated, carry mould spores of Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp. md Penicillium spp. and bacteria such 2 Bacillus spp. sn.dMicrococcus spp. 

The polyesters synthesized by microorganisms were first investigated by Lemoigne, who isolated the reserve polymers in Bacillus megaterium in 1925 and identified the polymer to be poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3HB) [1]. The chemical structure of poly(3HB) is shown in Fig. 1. 

PHAs are synthesized as intracellular energy and carbon storage materials. Therefore, bacterial cells with a high content of poly(3HB) are better able to survive than cells with a low poly(3HB) content [15]. Poly(3HB) also serves as an endogenous carbon and energy source for sporulation in Bacillus species and cyst formation in Azobacter species [16-18] and the majority of bacteria investigated accumulate PHAs in response to a nutrient limitation. The reported... 

The mechanism of the intracellular degradation of poly(HA) by bacteria, i.e., the mobilization of a previously accumulated polyester, is poorly understood (see also the chapter by Babel et al. in this book). Most of the research on intracellular poly(3HB) mobilization was done more than 30 years ago. Lemoigne observed in 1925 that 3-hydroxybutyrate was the main product of anaerobic breakdown of poly(3HB) in Bacillus M [12,137]. Macrae and Wilkinson [138, 139] noticed a reduction of the poly(3HB) content of Bacillus megaterium upon aerobic incubation of poly(3HB)-rich cells in phosphate buffer. The authors found that autolysis of poly(3HB)-rich cells occurred later and to a minor extent compared to poly(3HB)-poor cells and proposed that poly(3HB) might... 

Varying proportions of D-mannose and of the rarely occurring D-form of arabinose are obtained76 on hydrolysis of the polysaccharide of tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) strain H-37, whereas the poly-... 

A strain of yeast and a strain of bacterium were co-immobilized to fabricate a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor based on sol-gel derived composite materials97. This novel type of biosensor was developed for water monitoring and was used to determine the BOD values of OECD synthetic wastewater, domestic wastewater, and lake waters. The microorganisms Trichosporon cutaneum and Bacillus subtilis were coimmobilized in the sol-gel composite material, which was composed of silica and the grafting copolymer of poly (vinyl alcohol) and 4-vinylpyridine (PVA-g-P(4-VP)). 

King EC, Watkins WJ, Blacker AJ et al (1998) Covalent modification in aqueous solution of poly-y-D-glutamic acid from Bacillus licheniformis. J Polvin Sci A Polym Chem 36 1995-1999... 

Prodhomme EJF, Tutt AL, Glennie MJ et al (2003) Multivalent conjugates of poly-y-D-glutamic acid from Bacillus licheniformis with antibody F(ab ) and glycopeptide ligands. Bioconjug Chem 14 1148-1155... 

Schneerson R, Kubler-Kielb J, Liu TY et al (2003) Poly(y-D-glutamic acid) protein conjugates induce IgG antibodies in mice to the capsule of Bacillus anthracis a potential addition to the anthrax vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 8945-8950... 

Joyce J, Cook J, Chabot D et al (2006) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Bacillus anthracis poly-y-D-glutamic acid capsule covalently coupled to a protein carrier using a novel triazine-based conjugation strategy. J Biol Chem 281 4831 -843... 

Kubler-Kielb J, Liu TY, Mocca C et al (2006) Additional conjugation methods and immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis poly-y-D-glutamic acid-protein conjugates. Infect Immun 74 4744 1749... 

The cell walls of most Gram-positive bacteria contain (1 ->3) poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acids which can bear D-alanyl or glycosyl substituents.56 However, the cell walls of Bacillus stearothermophilus B65 contain a glycerol teichoic acid which is free of substituents.57 This is contrary to evidence that had been obtained from biosynthetic studies.58... 

Bacillus circulans was isolated from soil and characterized by Hansen et al. (31) as producing a poly(ManA) specific enzyme. 

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a biopolymer produced by numerous bacteria in nature as an intercellular carbon and energy reserve and belongs to the class of poly (hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs). In 1925, the French microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne discovered and characterized PHB extracted from Bacillus megaterium. However, it is produced by a various number of microorganisms such as Cupriavidus necator or Ralstonia eutroph. PHAs are biodegradable polyesters with a structure as shown in Fig. 1. 

Mori T, Sakimoto M et al (1996) Isolation and characterization of a strain of Bacillus megaterium that degrades poly(vinyl alcohol). Biosci Biotechnoi Biochem 60 330-332... 

Poly(/V-alk i-4-vinylpyridinium) salts (PVP) Linear, quaternary ammonium salt In vitro transfection in mammalian and bacillus cells (Kabanov etal., 1989)... 

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