Bottom-up synthesis

Fig. 2.2 Bottom-up synthesis methods, (a) Catalytic vapor deposition (b) epitaxial growth from SiC.

C.R. Herron, K.S. Coleman, R.S. Edwards, B.G. Mendis, Simple and scalable route for the bottom-up synthesis of few-layer graphene platelets and thin films, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21 (2011) 3378. 

The bottom-up synthesis of metallic nanowires was further applied to construct a nanotransistor device.93 The sequence-specific winding of the homologous nucleic acid carried by the RecA-protein into the duplex DNA was used to address the nucleic acid/protein complex on the DNA scaffold (Fig. 12.27). The subsequent association of the anti-RecA antibody to the protein DNA complex, followed by the association of the biotinylated antiantibody, and the linkage of streptavidin-modified carbon nanotube deposited the tubes in the specific domain of the DNA scaffold. The further... 

In a recent communication, the cluster [SnisRg] has been shown to have the structure below (Brynda et al., 2006). Described as a metalloid cluster and an advance in the quest for a bottoms up synthesis of Sn nanoparticles, the electronic structure of this compound in terms of electron counting was not addressed. Do so. 

Metal complexes can act as a starting point for what is termed bottom up synthesis of nanomaterials, through commencing with simple complexes that aggregate into large nanoscale products. 

The bottom-up synthesis of well-defined (semi)metal and intermetalloid clusters that can reach the nanometer scale represents a major challenge. Deltahedral structures reach a limit in size unless more capable templates are found. However, Zintl ions themselves can serve as building units for the formation of larger structures, including classical and nonclassical tetrel-tetrel bonds. Two further examples justify the plan to use such tetrel dusters as precursors for nanoscale dusters ... 

The search for improving the efficiency of prolinamides as organocataiysts led to immobilisation of the active molecules into a solid support being considered." Two different strategies have been applied for the immobilisation the postmodification of a polymeric support, and the bottom-up synthesis by copolymerisation of several monomers, one of them containing the prolinamide moiety (Figure 6.2). 

As introduced in Chapter 1, a number of wet-chemical, bottom-up synthesis techniques are effective in producing metallic or aUoy nanoparticles. The representatives of... 

Hitosugi S, Nakanishi W, Yamasaki T, Isobe H (2011) Bottom-up synthesis of finite models of helical (n, m)-single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2 492... 

Jasti R, Bertozzi CR (2010) Progress and challenges for the bottom-up synthesis of carbon nanotubes with discrete chirality. Chem Phys Lett 494(1-3) 1-7... 

A. Narita, LA. Verzhbitskiy, W. Frederickx, K.S. Mah, S.A. Jensen, M.R. Hansen, M. Bonn, S. De Feyter, C. Casiraghi, X. Feng, K. Mullen, Bottom-up synthesis of liquid-phase-processable graphene nanoribbons with near-infrared absorption, ACS Nano 8 (2014) 11622-11630. 

It is therefore a bottom-up synthesis procedure carried out in the inner surface of the support. It is evident that the conditions needed for the assembly of the precursors into the target compound must be compatible with the MOF framework integrity, and this may severely delimit the type of compounds that can be prepared by using this procedure. The process may also be challenging for the assembly of molecules that require multiple steps. 

Fig. 14 Structural control of critical hierarchical design parameters (CHDPs), namely, size, shape, surface chemistry, flexibility/rigidity, composition, and architecture, required for bottom-up synthesis of higher nanostructural complexity manifesting atom mimicry...

In contrast to the top-down synthesis method, the bottom-up synthesis method does not fix the global interconnections or restrict the number of structural busses. Instead, symbolic busses are packed into the fewest structural busses. 

SUGAR contains knowledge about microprocessor interconnections represented as a set of bus models that can be used to synthesize busses top-down. Two bus models, namely, the IBM Micro 370 and the Motorola MC68000 bus models were implemented. Experimental comparisons of top-down synthesis of busses using fixed bus models with bottom-up synthesis of busses suggest that top-down synthesis of busses with fixed bus models results in designs with better interconnections. 

Figure 6.91. Bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons. Reagents and conditions (a) 4-bromophenylboronic acid, Pd(PPh3)4, K2CO3, toluene, 80°C, 24 h, 93%. (b) (1) -BuLi, THF, —78°C, 1 h (2) 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[l,3,2]dioxaborolane, rt, 2 h, 82%. (c) compound 1, Pd (PPh3)4, K2CO3, toluene/H20, reflux, 72 h, 75%. (d) FeCl3, CH2CI2/CH3NO2, 25°C, 48 h, 65%. Reproduced with permission from J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4216. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.

Lambert JB, Gurusamy-Thangavelu SA, Ma K (2010) The silicate-mediated formose reaction bottom-up synthesis of sugar silicates. Science 327 984—986... 

The jt expansion of [3]CHPB via condensation of the HBC unit by the Scholl reaction was examined, but the desired product did not form because of the unexpected ring-rearrangement reaction. While the bottom-up synthesis of jt-extended belts has not been achieved to date, further studies will surely lead to such belt molecules. 

Keywords Bottom-up synthesis Cyclodehydrogenation Graphene Nanoribbon ... 

Nishiuehi T, Feng X, Enkelmann V, Wagner M, Mullen K (2012) Threetlimensionally arranged eyelie p-hexaphenylbenzene toward a bottom-up synthesis of size-defined carbon nanotubes. Chem Eur J 18 16621-16625. doi 10.1002/chem.201203227... 

Entrapping homogeneous catalysts by sol-gel methods the bottom-up synthesis of catalysts that recycle and cascade. Dalton Trans., 40, 20-26. 

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