Baby formula

Organochlorine insecticide residues were determined in samples of human milk, evaporated milk, and prepared baby formulas from various regions of Canada (Ritcey 1972). A mean concentration of 0.003 mg/kg of heptachlor epoxide was detected in human milk, with significantly lower levels in evaporated milk and prepared baby formulas. 

Little information on the levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene concentrations in infant and toddler foods and in baby formula was located. Page and Lacroix (1995) analyzed a variety of beverage and food samples for 32 different volatile contaminants, including 1,4-dichlorobenzene and found residue levels to be quite low (range, 0.1-22 ppb). Soft drink samples contained 0.1 g/kg (ppb), while cream with 10% butterfat, butter, margarine, peanut butter, flour, and pastry mix contained concentrations of 0.1 ppb, 1.3-2.7 ppb, 12.2-14.5 ppb, 1.2-8.8 ppb, 7.3 ppb, and 22 ppb, respectively. No information was located to determine whether children differed in their weight-adjusted intake of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. 

C.J. Spak, J. Ekstrand, D. Zylberstein, Bioavailability of fluoride added to baby formula and milk. Carles Res. 16 (1982) 249-256. 

Other products under current development in the pharmafood sector include a salt substitute for hypertension a yogurt-like product that adds bacteria to stimulate the body s immune system and a drink containing docosahexaenoic acid (DTIA, the baby formula additive) that Japanese consumers believe boosts brain power before exams. 

Several factors influence the level of fluorides in food. These include the locality in which the food is grown, the amount of fertilizer and pesticides applied, the type of processing the food receives, and whether fluoridated water is used in food preparation. Foods characteristically high in fluoride content are certain types of seafood (1.9-28.5mgkg ), especially those types in which the bones are consumed, bone products such as bone meal and gelatin, tea, and baby formula processed with fluoridated water. 

The plasma levels of glutamate necessary to cause hypothalamic lesions in mice are never reached voluntarily in humans since the highest palatable dose is well below these concentrations. However, because of the animal studies, MSG is not recommended as an ingredient in baby formulas. 

Low levels may be released to the environment in the effluent water from biological wastewater treatment plants. Scientists have known for many years that the polycarbonate bond created by BPA is unstable and that the chemical will eventually leach into food or beverages in contact with die plastic. The obvious concern today is that it may leach into food products, ranging from microwavable dinners to baby formula, that are packaged in polycarbonate plastic. 

In the United States toxic chemicals in products are only required to be listed if they are present in concentrations of 1.0% or more (or 0.1% or more, if carcinogenic). Accordingly, plastic products that are often used in surgery and in baby formula bottles are not required to warn that they contain endocrine disrupting chemicals, which are hazardous at concentrations far less than 1% (see Chapter 22). 

The main saccharide of milk is lactose. During heat treatment of milk, lactose is involved in Maillard reactions. Lactose is used for the production of baby formulas, low-caloric foods, bread, drugs, and microbiological media. 

Batch suspended solids agglomerators allow accurate adjustment of residual moisture, even if the drying rate drops drastically at low liquid content, and result in better control of overall product quality. Therefore, outside pharmaceutical applications, their main use is for baby formulae, special food products such as powdered cocoa, tea and coffee, fruit juice extracts, egg and milk powder, etc., for detergents as well as other cleaning reagents and chemicals. 

Figure 7.7. HPLC analysis of water-soluble vitamins in a beverage powder sample (Tang ) and a baby formula (Similac ) using ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography and UV detection. Reprinted with permission from reference 17.

At present, over 3000 tons of riboflavin are industrially produced each year. About 70% of this material is used as feed additive in the form of free-flowing, spray-dried granules or microgranules. The remaining 30% are required for the fortification of foods like breakfast cereals, pastas, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks, vitamin-enriched milk products, baby formulas, and clinical infusions. 

Human Toxicity Not generally considered poisonous. Accidental substitution of NaC] for lactose in baby formulas has caused fata] poisoning. 

Artificial sweeteners Baby formulas Cake mixes Cereal dust... 

Petfood, baby formula, diapers, etc. - Don t forget the other members of your family. If you have an infant, store extra formula and diapers. If you have pets keep a 3-day supply of pet food. 

In 1989, a large outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in the United States was associated with the use of L-tryptophan supplements. Supplement sales were immediately restricted in the US leading to an eventual world-wide ban in 1991 even though L-tryptophan continued to be sold as a feed additive in the US and was added to baby formula. The outbreak was eventually traced to product from a single Japanese manufacturer. Despite considerable effort, no contaminant was found nor did other hypotheses to explain the outbreak bear fruit. Other theories whereby L-Tryptophan itself or its metabolites could be the cause also are unproven. There remains no conclusive link between L-tiyptophan and EMS. The FDA lifted, with some caveats, the ban on sales of dietary L-tryptophan in 2001 although importation stiU is restricted. It is again available in the US over-the-counter... 

Children are also exposed to phthalates via dietary ejqtosure, most often through the consumption of infant formnla. A stndy analyzing phthalates in 29 diet samples, 11 baby food samples, and 11 samples of infant formnla found one or more plasticizers in all of the diet samples (0.09-0.19 mg DBP/kg 0.017-0.019 mg BBP/kg 0.11-0.18 mg DEHP/kg and 0.13-0.14 mg DEHA/kg), as well as one or more phthalates in 50% of both the baby foods and infant formnla samples. An nnqnantified and unspecified isomer of DHP was identified in baby formnlas from the UK (7 of 12 formulas), and an nnspecified DHP isomer was detected, at a level below the limit of detection of 0.01 mg/kg, in breast and commercial milk, cream, nnts, and baby food. Estimated DBP exposnre levels from food ranged from 2.3 pg/kg bw/day to 5.0 mg/kg bw/day in children 12-19 years old and 6 months to 4 years of age, respectively. Based on a 1996 survey, the MAFF estimated exposure levels of DBP for infants at 2.4 pg/kg bw/day at birth and 1.4 pg/kg bw/day at 6 months of age. In a follow-np snrvey two years later, lower exposure levels were estimated. "" In 1996, the US reported DBP levels ranging from <0.005-0.011 mg/kg approximately 10-fold lower than concentrations measured in the UK. "" Other reports of DBP in baby food, breast milk, and formula in Germany and Japan were foimd to be within the range of that reported by the MAFF. The MAFF also evaluated exposure to BBP via baby formulae. Exposure of infants and children to BBP was estimated at 0.2 pg/... 

In the past, cans used for storing foods had seams sealed with lead solder. Because of the health hazard of lead from solder migrating into the food inside the cans, in 1982 U. S. manufacturers voluntarily stopped using lead solder in baby formula cans. By November 1991, they stopped the practice for all food products. ... 

Baby Formula Mixed from a Powder May Become Contaminated... 

Use cold water for drinking, cooking, and preparing baby formula, because hot water dissolves more lead from the pipes. 

Use cold water for drinking, cooking, and preparing baby formulas. 

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