Babcock test

Fat Content of Milk. Raw milk as well as many dairy products are routinely analyzed for their fat content. The Babcock test, or one of its modifications, has been a standard direct measure for many years and is being replaced by indirect means, particularly for production operations. The Babcock test employs a bottle with an extended and caHbrated neck, milk plus sulfuric acid [7664-93-9] to digest the protein, and a centrifuge to concentrate the fat into the caHbrated neck. The percentage of fat in the milk is read direcflv from the neck of the bottle with a divider or caHper, rea ding to... 

Lipolytic action has been observed to occur in composite samples preserved with mercuric chloride and has decreased the reading of the Babcock test as much as 0.15% (Manus and Bendixen 1956). 

Manus, L. J. and Bendixen, H. A. 1956. Effects of lipolytic activity and of mercuric chloride on the Babcock test for fat in composite milk samples. J. Dairy Sci. 39 508-513. 

Other inventions that assisted in the development of the butter industry included the Babcock test (1890), which accurately determines the percentage of fat in milk and cream the use of pasteurization to maintain milk and cream quality the use of pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria and refrigeration to help preserve cream quality. 

The percentage of fat in the cream must be known and controlled. It influences fat losses during churning. Knowledge of the fat content assists in yield estimations for operational conditions in continuous manufacture. A number of satisfactory analytical procedures are available, with the Babcock test being the most common. 

Babcock test. A rapid test for butterfat in milk introduced by Stephen M. Babcock in 1890 and now in worldwide use in the dairy industry. 

The most common problems with a Babcock test are the first two. 

H. W. Conn and H. Weigmann during 1890 to 1897 carried on much work which showed to the creamery men that the use of butter-starters for ripening cream reduced butter making to a scientific basis. It was this introduction of pasteurization and butter-starters combined with the Babcock test, which made it possible for creameries to be successfully established throughout dairy regions and to develop new dairy regions. 

A machine for whirling fluids rapidly, which exerts a pull many times stronger than gravity. It is used to separate two liquids of different densities e.g., cream from milk—the Babcock Test. Also, specimens of blood, urine, and other substances are centrifuged to separate the sediment or solid constituents from the liquid. 

This is a test for determining the fat content of milk. In principle, it is very similar to the commonly used Babcock test. Sulfuric acid is mixed with milk, releasing the fat and leaving it free to rise. The Gerber bottle, in which this test is performed, has a thin graduated neck. Fat collects in the neck, where it is measured. 

SOFCo, a limited partnership of Babcock and Wilcox (a McDermott International Company) and Ceramatec (an Elkem company), has tested a planar SOFC unit for the MEP program that will operate on logistic fuels. Honeywell tested their MEP unit on logistic fuel. 

Clarkson SG, Tom BL, Babcock AJ, et al. 1984. Results of testing unvented kerosene heaters in a house Gas emissions, surface temperatures and fuel consumption rates. In Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, CA, June 24-29,1984, Vol. 2. Pittsburgh, PA APCA. 

Construction of 100 kW MCFC Plant located in San Agustm de Cuadalix (near Madrid), with the participation of Ansaldo, ENEAand ITAE in Italy and the Spanish partners Iberdrola, Endesa and Babcock Wilcox. This test facility is unique in Europe. 

Rodriguez-Otero, J.L., Hermida, M., Centeno, J. 1997. Analysis of dairy product by near infrared spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 2815-2819. van de Voort, F.R., Kermasha, S., Mills, B.L., Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F. 1987. Factors affecting differences in milk test fat results obtained by the Babcock, Rose-Gottlieb and infrared milk analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 71, 290-298. 

This study was funded by a grant from the Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-FG22-80PC-30199. We would like to thank Babcock and Wilcox Alliance Research Center (Alliance, Ohio) for supplying the Croloy 1/2 steel for the test substrates. 

Schurr, J. M., Babcock, H. R, Fujimoto, B. S. A test of the model free formulas effects of anisotropic rotational diffusion and dimerization. J. Magn. Reson. Ser. B 1994,105, 211-224. 

HORN, P.A., BABCOCK, L.S., KAWABATA, T.T. ROBINSON, M.K. (1996) Further development and characterization of a mouse intranasal method for comparative immunogenicity testing of enzymes. The Toxicologist, 30, 95. 

As mentioned before, the historical merging of the transportation and combustion teams led to the development of an all-encompassing technological scheme called Imul-sion (59, 60, 65). Once the idea was considered feasible, pilot tests were undertaken at INTEVEP pilot plants as well as at the Nagasaki Technical Institute in Japan (60). Several tests were also conducted at commercial facilities belonging to Combustion Engineering and New Brunswick Power in Canada and Babcock Power in the United Kingdom. 

Fatty acids (in milk fat) to a total of up to 10 mg were treated with 250 1 of di-n-butyl carbonate and 0.5 ml of 0.2 M sodium butoxide. The tube was capped and the mixture was heated for 2 minutes on a steam bath. The contents of the tube were transferred to a Babcock milk fat test bottle and rinsed in with 0.5 ml of water, 0.5 ml of acetone and a further 0.5 ml of water. Saturated NaCl (10 ml) was added and the volume was adjusted to the mark with water. The layers were separated by centrifugation and the upper layer was taken directly for analysis by gas chromatography [142]. 

During the eight years that the Babcock ft Wilcox Test Reactor (BAWTR) operated, five batches of spent fuel elements were shipped to the reprocessing plant at Savannah River. A typical batch contained 25 fuel elements (10 kg (rf U), which were shipped in a lead cask. 

G. T. FAIRBORN et al., Plutonium Lattice Ejqteri-ment in Uniform Test Lattice of UQt-l.S% PuQt Fuel, BAW-13S7, Babcock Wilcox (1970). 

The membrane permeation test is another bulk sparing in vitro dissolution technique. It was developed at Bend Research and has been used for more than a decade (Babcock et al. 2009). This biphasic dissolution test is designed to assess the ability of a formulation to rapidly establish a high free drug concentration and then sustain that concentration for a physiologically relevant time period. 

Babcock-Hitachi has developed a plate-type catalyst reported to acliieve mercury oxidation 1.5 to 2.0 time higher and SO2 to SO3 conversion about half that of conventional catalysts [68]. The addition of only 5 pg mf bromine (Br) as a solution of calcium bromide (CaBr2) to a coal increased the level of mercury oxidation at the ESP outlet from 60% to 90% at a plant equipped with SCR [69]. Higher addition rates of 165 and 328 pg ml of bromine promoted the oxidation of mercury upstream of the SCR to levels of up to 98% at the SCR inlet. Additives developed by a number of companies to reduce the reemission of mercuiy from wet FGDs have been tested at full scale by URS Coiporation [66] and Babcock Wilcox Power Generation Group (B W PGG) B W [70]. Two additives developed by Solucorp and B W, respectively, have been reported to effectively inhibit reemission and promote additional capture without observable impacts on scmbber perfonnance of gypsum quality [71]. 

In pulverized coal combustion, the abrasiveness of the particles severely limits the Kfe of the pulverizer grinding elements. The Abrasiveness Index in this application is usually determined by the Yancey-Geer Price apparatus (Babcock and Wilcox, 1992). In this test, four metal test coupons attached to a rotating shaft are rotated at 1440 rpm for a total of 12,000 revolutions in eontact with a sample of 6350 pm x 0 (0.25 in. X 0) coal. The relative Abrasiveness Index is then caleulated from the weight loss of the coupons. Babcock and Wilcox has estimated the wear of full-scale pulverizers on the basis of the Yancey-Geer Price Index. 

At the time of the failure, the drum had already been through six successful pressurization tests, which had taken place at both the manufacturing works and Cockenzie. The pressure tests had included four cycles to about 4100 psig, which was about 1.5 times its maximum normal operating pressure. The first such test had taken place at Babcock and Wilcox s works on June 26,1964. 

The boilers were periodically inspected visually and by non-destructive tests (such as dye penetration, magnetic particle or ultrasonics), and any cracks found were ground out. Eventually, however, the minimum wall thickness was reached. At that point, weld repairs were done to build the wall thickness backup again. The repairs were done by Lloyd Werft in Bremerhaven, Germany, between 1987 and 1990. The weld repair procedure was written by Deutsche Babcock and reviewed and approved by Bureau Veritas. 

Babcock (1968) conducted tests on water suspensions of coarse sand and steel shot. He expressed a nondimensional ratio of the square of the speed to the product of the pipe inner diameter and the acceleration of gravity. His tests indicated that in the range of 5 < (V lgD < 40 the friction losses could be expressed as... 

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