Typical spectrum

Figure B2.4.5. Simulated lineshapes for an intennolecular exchange reaction in which the bond joining two strongly coupled nuclei breaks and re-fomis at a series of rates, given beside tlie lineshape. In slow exchange, the typical spectrum of an AB spin system is shown. In the limit of fast exchange, the spectrum consists of two lines at tlie two chemical shifts and all the coupling has disappeared.

In the spectrum acquisition mode the probe is either fixed in the spot mode or raster scanned over a small area at high magnification and a complete spectrum acquired. A typical spectrum is shown in Figure 2. 

Kasai and McLeod (57, 58) also studied a series of bimetallic diatomics, AgM (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Be, Zn, Cd, or Hg), by ESR spectroscopy. For all of these species, the hyperfine coupling to the Ag nucleus was found to be isotropic. It was shown that the unpaired electron resides in an orbital resulting essentially from an anti-bonding combination of the valence s orbitals of the Ag and M atoms. A typical spectrum is shown in Fig. 13. 

The electron spin resonance of the nitroxalkylcorrinoids can be readily observed in aqueous solution at room temperature. Both the cobalamin and cobinamide show nitrogen hyperfine coupling constants of 17.2 gauss. A typical spectrum is shown in Fig. 20. The line widths for the low, intermediate, and high field peaks are 1.87, 1.87, and 2.20... 

The selection of a light source, a photodetector and an optical fibre should be compatible with spectral properties of the indicator used. A typical spectrum of a pH indicator is presented in Figure 7-left. 

For catalyst combinations containing initial I/Ru ratios 5, the product solutions also show strong new bands at 1999 and 2036 cm characteristic (6) of ruthenium pentacarbonyl. Where acetic acid homologation is run at [RuJ > 0.2 M, then another ruthenium iodocarbonyl, Ru(C0)3I2, may be isolated from the product mix as a yellow crystalline solid. A typical spectrum of this material is illustrated in Figure 3b. 

Echellogram showing the three dimensional nature of a typical spectrum. 

The excellent, high-resolution y- and X-ray spectra which can be obtained from semiconductor detectors make the detectors very important in modern instruments. A typical spectrum is shown in Figure 10.11(b) which may be compared with the much broader peaks from a scintillation detector (Figure 10.11(a)). The spectra are not immune from the problem of Compton scattering (p. 461) but a good quality modem detector will have a photopeak to Compton peak ratio of 50 1 or better. Computer-aided spectrum analysis also serves to reduce the interference from the Compton effect. 

The sulfuric acid treated aliquot representing the blank forms a cyclic ether anhydroerythromycin.10 The alkaline treatment causes the formation of an unsaturated ketone (9-keto-10-ene) having its absorbance maximum as a shoulder at 236 nm. (e 6000).n i2 Thus, any other UV absorbing species are measured with the blank and subtracted from the absorbance before calculation of the erythromycin concentration. A typical spectrum is shown in Figure 4. 

Figure 24.1 (a), designates the energy level diagram displaying the source of the lines in a typical spectrum of an element, where ... 

The first peculiarity of muscle spectra is the possibility to differentiate two lipid compartments. Furthermore, the characteristics of the lipid signals depend on the chosen particular muscle and its orientation with respect to the magnetic field. Figure 15 shows a typical spectrum of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) in comparison with a spectrum from the fatty bone marrow of... 

Figure 2 Typical spectrum from an X-ray tube with a tungsten anode operated at 150 kVp. Fluorescence peaks occur at 57.98, 59.32,67.24, and 69.08 keV.

Fig. 2.14. A typical spectrum of a carbon fiber obtained from SIMS. After Denison et al. (1988a, b).

The optical spectra of Cr(R-dtp)3 complexes have been extensively investigated. A typical spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. The electronic spectra of... 

Although atropine and related compounds possess bronchodilator activity, their use is associated with the typical spectrum of anticholinergic side effects (see Chapter 13), and they are no longer used in the treatment of asthma. To improve the clinical utility of anticholinergics, quaternary amine derivatives of atropine were developed. By virtue of their positive charge, these drugs are absorbed poorly across mucosal surfaces and thus produce fewer side effects than atropine, especially when given by inhalation. 

Environmental vibration 242—244 suppression of 7 typical spectrum 244 Equilibrium distance 38, 54 Esbjerg-Nprskov approximation 109 Feedback circuit 258—266 dominant pole 265 response function 262 steady-state response 258 transient response 261 Feenstra parameter 303—306... 

Step Transient Experiments at 800 Torr. Activation of pretreated silver was performed under isothermal conditions at 493, 523, and 543 K and 800 torr using a step transient format. A typical spectrum collected at 493 K, obtained by simultaneously pulsing ethylene-d4 and oxygen-18 from separate pulse valves into a continuous helium flow, is plotted in Figure 4. In this example, the oxygen to ethylene ratio was 2 1. As observed in the steady-flow TPSR experiments, the pretreated sample is readily activated, while the preoxidi samples remain inactive. 

FIGURE 11.13 Typical spectrum measured using DOAS and its component contributions (see text) (adapted from Stutz and Platt, 1997). 

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