Averaging sliding time average

The accumulation of signals and the division by the number of scans described above produces a true data average. In order to reduce the occupied memory space, the so-called sliding time average is sometimes used. TWo scans are averaged, then only the next scan is added to the resulting values, and the arithmetic mean of these is taken ... 

It is known that even condensed films must have surface diffusional mobility Rideal and Tadayon [64] found that stearic acid films transferred from one surface to another by a process that seemed to involve surface diffusion to the occasional points of contact between the solids. Such transfer, of course, is observed in actual friction experiments in that an uncoated rider quickly acquires a layer of boundary lubricant from the surface over which it is passed [46]. However, there is little quantitative information available about actual surface diffusion coefficients. One value that may be relevant is that of Ross and Good [65] for butane on Spheron 6, which, for a monolayer, was about 5 x 10 cm /sec. If the average junction is about 10 cm in size, this would also be about the average distance that a film molecule would have to migrate, and the time required would be about 10 sec. This rate of Junctions passing each other corresponds to a sliding speed of 100 cm/sec so that the usual speeds of 0.01 cm/sec should not be too fast for pressurized film formation. See Ref. 62 for a study of another mechanism for surface mobility, that of evaporative hopping. 

So far we have compared the static friction with the stick-slip transition. In both cases the system has to choose between the states of rest and motion, depending on which one is more favorable to the energy minimization. On the other hand, the differences between the two processes deserve a discussion, too. In stick-slip, when the moving surface slides in an average velocity V, there is a characteristic time, t =d.Ql V, that defines how long the two surfaces can... 

To assess evaporative loss of fluid from filled capillary gaps, clean slide pairs were filled with colored, distilled water. After a 1-min fill, the maximum height of fluid in the gap was marked on each slide pair. Slides were then segregated into two groups one remained exposed to room air, and the other was placed into the closed incubation chamber. At timed intervals, fluid loss in millimeters was recorded. Laboratory temperature was a constant 25°C with a relative humidity of 28%. After 40 min, air-exposed slides had an average loss of 33% of their volume, whereas slides in the incubation chamber lost only 9% in the same time interval. 

Fig. 21 Representative microfluidic device and resulting data from ATRP on a chip a image of a microfluidic device (dimensions 25 mm x 75 mm) fabricated from UV curable thiolene resin between two glass slides b reaction data for ATRP of HPMA synthesized on a chip showing the correlation of flow rate (or residence time) to reaction time and resulting conversion of monomer (M) to polymer (ln([M]o/[M]) c comparison of number average molecular mass (M ) and poly-dispersity for -butyl acrylate prepared in a traditional round bottom flask ( Flask ) and on a chip ( CRP Chip ). (Reproduced with permission from [102])...

Dolomite rhombs have been observed on smear slides of sediments from several DSDP sites, and the occurrence of dolomite in these sediments has been documented quantitatively by Lumsden (1988). Deep-marine dolomite averages about 1 wt % in all sampled DSDP sediments throughout post-Jurassic time. The dolomite is nonstoichiometric, averaging 56 mole % CaC03 (Figure 8.24), and has a crystal size and appearance similar to that of supratidal dolomite. Lumsden (1988) concludes that most is an early chemical precipitate from seawater. He estimated that about 10% is detrital, but he advocates that more criteria are needed to distinguish dolomite formed in cold, deep marine waters from that formed in supratidal deposits before this estimate can be substantiated. 

Recent times have seen the advent of high throughput assays such as array comparative genomic hybridization and cDNA microarray, which have lead to the rapid discovery of thousands of potential biomarkers. However, these need to be validated in tissue-based studies in large datasets to prove their potential utility. As these datasets are typically present in the form of formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, immunohistochemical (IHC) methods are ideal for validation. However, performing whole-section IHC on hundreds to thousands of blocks requires lot of resources in terms of reagents and time. In addition, an average block will yield less than 300 slides of 5 pm each. The tissue microarray (TMA) technique circumvents some of these problems. 

The diemiluminescence emission spectra frexn between tiie silvered glass and glass plates are shown in figure 15.2 top. The emission from the silvered portion of the slide was spatially averaged to be about 4-S times greater than the glass control... 

J. Relaxed steady-state or sliding regime (T rj. When the input varies rapidly relative to the characteristic response time, the state oscillates with a very small amplitude. The quasi-steady-stale approximation can be applied to the state using the time-averaged value of the control. The performance of the system can be predicted using the performance in comparable steady-state operation. 

All mass spectra were acquired on a Kratos Kompact MALDI III time of flight mass spectrometer with a 337 nm N2 laser and a 20 kV extraction potential in the linear mode. Membranes were affixed to the Kratos sample slide with tape. Every spectrum was the average of 50 laser shots. Spectra were calibrated from external standards desorbed from the same membrane being tested. 

---