Automotive batteries capacity

Fig. 3.33. (a), (b) Phase composition of pastes prepared with different amounts of acid at 30 and 80°C (c), (d) Changes in C20 capacity of 12-V/42-Ah automotive batteries with positive plates produced from 3BS, 4BS, and IBS pastes (depending on acid strength and preparation temperature) on cycling at 50% DoD. The battery capacity is limited by the positive plates [34]. 

As part of a broad assessment of the general recyclability of automotive batteries done in the mid-1990s, a report on recycling technology was prepared for the California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board [16]. Ten different EV battery technologies were ranked based on their performance and recyclability. The battery chemistries that were included in this study are presented in Table 3. Because the recycling capacity available for some of these batteries was minimal in 1995 and the... 

Influence of acid-spray treatment on reserve capacity of automotive batteries [37],... 

SLI-type batteries are also used on motorcycles and boats. Batteries for recreational marine use generally have thicker plates (to give more capacity) and higher-density paste. They have the same Battery Council International type designations as automotive batteries. See Sec. 4.10 for a listing of BCI battery types. Marine batteries are also manufactured in fourcell 8-V monoblocs. 

Typical dimensions for the /5-alumina electrolyte tube are 380 mm long, with an outer diameter of 28 mm, and a wall thickness of 1.5 mm. A typical battery for automotive power might contain 980 of such cells (20 modules each of 49 cells) and have an open-circuit voltage of lOOV. Capacity exceeds. 50 kWh. The cells operate at an optimum temperature of 300-350°C (to ensure that the sodium polysulfides remain molten and that the /5-alumina solid electrolyte has an adequate Na" " ion conductivity). This means that the cells must be thermally insulated to reduce wasteful loss of heat atjd to maintain the electrodes molten even when not in operation. Such a system is about one-fifth of the weight of an equivalent lead-acid traction battery and has a similar life ( 1000 cycles). 

The stability of BaPbOs and its effect on the performance of a battery over its useful life have also been investigated for automotive applications [12-14]. A conventional automotive cell with 1 wt.% BaPbOs in the positive paste and a control cell were formed by means of a standard high-rate formation procedure. Cell performance was then evaluated by means of a standard Battery Council International (BCI) sequence of reserve capacity and cold-cranking tests. The cell containing BaPbOs formed three times faster with 12% less input capacity. The BCI test results of the two cells were comparable. 

The SoH is defined as the quotient of the measured capacity and the rated capacity. The measured capacity is the capacity of a fully charged battery at standard discharge conditions. In some applications (e.g., automotive), the high-power capability is of interest. Therefore, other definitions for SoH are also possible. 

Cost. Although VRLA is expected to settle at about 25% higher cost than flooded, there may be some applications where this cost increment is acceptable. High-capacity, deep-cycle applications are one case where low-cost automotive flooded batteries cannot usually match VRLA performance, but where alternative batteries that cost an order of magnitude more are not feasible. In this comparison, the lower cost of VRLA relative to Ni-MH or lithium batteries must be weighed against the higher mass and lower reliability of VRLA, but should the mass and life be within... 

The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) and JEVS (Japan Electric Vehicle Society) has established a standard size for EV battery modules at L388(2) mm X W116(2) x HI75(2) ((2) is the error allowed in the dimension), with a top-terminal configuration on the vertical longitudinal plane of symmetry [14]. In VRLA, this size provides a 12-V capacity of about 60 Ah in Ni-MH, this provides... 

In the case of Ni-MH batteries, which can be cycled about 5000 times their nominal capacity at 80% DoD and more than 15,000 times their nominal capacity with shallow cycling [55,56,60-63], may be an appropriate choice. In the future, lithium-ion batteries may also enter the automotive market. Their high specific energy, which exceeds that of lead-acid systems by about a factor of three at medium discharge rates, would allow air-conditioning to be operated even in the engine-off mode. The calendar-life of lithium-ion batteries under automotive operating conditions, however, still needs to be improved, and there must be a reduction in cost to an acceptable level for such batteries. 

Battery technology for wheelchair users remains unchanged despite the call for improvements by power wheelchair users. This maybe in part due to the relatively low number of units purchased, about 500,000 per annum, when compared to automotive applications with about 6.6 million per annum by a single manufacturer. Wheelchair batteries are typically rated at 12 V and 30 to 90 ampere-h capacity at room temperature. A power wheelchair draws about 10 A during use. The range of the power wheelchair is directly proportional to the ampere-hour rating for the operating temperature. 

Lead-acid battery chemistry has been applied to a variety of capacities, sizes, and designs. Despite other battery chemistry technologies that have been marketed, lead-acid chemistry remains the technology of choice for automotive and many other applications. Lead-acid chemistry has proven to be robust, tolerant to abuse, low cost, and well understood. It is widely used in the industrial, portable, and transportation sectors. 

Marine service differs from automotive in several aspects. Lights, refrigeration, blowers, motors, radio, and other electrical equipment results in cycUng service, with often a delay between discharge and charge. In marine service, the batteries should have much greater capacity than would normally be specified for the same horsepower equipment in a shore-based application. 

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