Marine batteries

SLI-type batteries are also used on motorcycles and boats. Batteries for recreational marine use generally have thicker plates (to give more capacity) and higher-density paste. They have the same Battery Council International type designations as automotive batteries. See Sec. 4.10 for a listing of BCI battery types. Marine batteries are also manufactured in fourcell 8-V monoblocs. 

The key engineering features utilized by one prominent manufacturer of marine batteries include the following ... 

A particular application, the marine battery lid, is treated in greater detail below. Propylene-based plastics exhibit the chemical inertness associated with paraffin hydrocarbons, of which class they are high-molecular-weight members this allows their use in contact with a wide variety of liquids, both domestic and industrial. In view of their structure, propylene polymers have excellent electrical properties, including very low dielectric losses. 

Figure 5.7(a) Impact-modified PP marine battery case carrying handles in use... 

Figure 5.7(h) Impact-modified PP marine battery case cell cap seals. The case of the Tudor marine battery is injection moulded by Boras Konstahts AB (Sweden) and the lid by Norsk Teknisk Parsalens AB (Norway), (a) and (h) by courtesy of ICI Ltd. 

Chloride also supply a range of marine batteries. These batteries are designed to fulfil a multitude of duties at sea. They are vital for communications, engine starting, emergency lighting, sprinklers. 

Basic construction All-purpose marine battery (M series) Engine starting battery (R series) Buoy lighting battery MW 17 and MB 19... 

Battery systems of complex design and structure using—at least for one electrode—expensive materials are (for economic reasons) mainly conceived as storage batteries. Primary (and "reserve") versions of the zinc/silver oxide battery [(-) Zn/KOH/AgO (+)] — as a first example—are only used in particular cases where the question of cost is not crucial, e.g., for marine [26-28] and space applications [29]. 

Overall, a battery of reagents and assays has been developed that enable the assessment of several aspects of the immune system of marine mammals. These are summarized in Table 23.3. 

One variant of the liquid cathode reserve battery is the lithium-water cell in which water serves as both the liquid cathode and the electrolyte. A certain amount of corrosion occurs, but sufficient lithium is provided to compensate. These cells are mostly used in the marine environment where water is available or compatible with the cell reaction product. Common applications are lor torpedo propulsiuu and to puwer sonobuoys and submersihles. 

The Naval Medical Research Institute Performance Assessment Battery (NMRI-PAB) was developed to measure the effects of a wide variety of military environments upon the technically oriented tasks of Marine and Naval personnel. The battery s methodology was based on a tii-service methodology in an attempt to standardize measurement of human performance in military environments.41 The NMRI-PAB, like the WRPAB and UTC-PAB, is a menu-driven, microcomputer-based assessment tool that comprises individual tasks. 

Paclitaxel, camptothecin, vincristine, vinblastine, and other compounds currently under development as potential anticancer drugs (i.e., the bryostatins isolated from marine dinoflagellates) were discovered through a broad-based screening program to identify, using a whole-cell inhibition assay, natural products that are active against a battery of representative cancer cell lines. 

It offers the possibility of incorporating any bioassay that is currently available. It thus provides the current best estimate of relative hazard for the sites being investigated. There is however a continuing need to develop, both for freshwater and marine or estuarine ecosystems, a battery of validated toxicity tests with sensitive species for whole sediment, wet sediment, organic extract, and pore water. 

The Marine Test Battery used in marine and brackish waters (HABAK-WSV, 1999) is comprised of the following organisms ... 

The general objective, principle, and scope of application of the pT-method are succinctly described in Section 1 and also reported elsewhere in this book (see Chapter 3 of this volume, Section 5.1), where readers will appreciate that this hazard assessment scheme is adaptable to both liquid and solid media. Briefly recalled here in the context of solid-media samples such as dredged material, the pT-value, which relates to a single bioassay, and the pT-index, derived from the most sensitive organism in a test battery, permit a numerical classification of environmental samples on the basis of ecotoxicological principles. Sediment from any aquatic ecosystem (freshwater, brackish, marine) and from any of its phases (whole sediment, porewaters, elutriates or organic extracts) can be appraised provided that the proper standardized toxicity tests are available. There are whole-sediment test protocols standardized for many agencies (e.g., Environment Canada, ASTM). 

Box 2. Recommended marine test battery according to HABAK-WSV (1999). 

In undertaking our search of the literature linked to bioanalytical assessment of solid waste leachates (Tab. 2), we circumscribed it to small-scale toxicity testing performed on leachates. Furthermore, we did not exclude marine bioassays, but we exclusively selected literature references involving test battery approaches (TBAs) on solid wastes (or their elutriates). As defined previously in the first chapter of this book, a TBA represents a study conducted with two or more tests representing at least two biotic levels. As also pointed out in Section 2 of this chapter, TBAs are suitable to assess hazard at different levels so as not to underestimate ecotoxicity. Nevertheless, we have not excluded from this review publications describing other types of bioassays (e.g., terrestrial bioassays, sub-cellular bioassays or those carried out with recombinant DNA (micro)organisms and biosensors), when those were part of the TBA. 

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