Pressure vessels carbon steel

Absorption column diameter 1 m, vessel overall height 15 m, packed height 12 m, packing 25 mm ceramic intalox saddles, vessel carbon steel, operating pressure 5 bar. 

Typically, reactors require some type of catalyst. Reactors with catalyst can be of the fixed-bed style for fiuid-bed types. Fixed-bed reactors are the most common. The feed often enters the reactor at an elevated temperature and pressure. The reaction mixtures are often corrosive to carbon steel and require some type of stainless steel alloy or an alloy liner for protection. If the vessel wall is less than 6 mm, the vessel is constmcted of all alloy if alloy is provided. Thicker reactor walls can be fabricated with a stainless overlay over a carbon steel or other lower alloy base steel at less cost than an all-alloy wall constmction. 

Equipment. A typical commercial quartz-growing autoclave is Hlustrated in Figure 1. The material of constmction for use at 17 MPa (25,000 psi) and 400°C can be a low carbon steel, such as 4140, or various types of low aHoy steel. The closure, a modified Bridgeman closure, is based on the unsupported area principle (12). That is, the pressure in the vessel is transmitted through the plunger to the steel surfaces which initially are nearly line contacts. Thus, the pressure in the seal surface gready exceeds the pressure in the vessel because most of the area of the plunger is unsupported. Hydrothermal equipment has been further discussed (10). 

Quenched and Tempered Low Carbon Constructional Alloy Steels. A class of quenched and tempered low carbon constmctional ahoy steels has been very extensively used in a wide variety of appHcations such as pressure vessels, mining and earth-moving equipment, and in large steel stmctures (see Tanks and pressure vessels). 

Ethyl chloride is handled and transported in pressure containers under conditions similar to those appHed to methyl chloride. In the presence of moisture, ethyl chloride can be moderately corrosive. Carbon steel is used predominantly for storage vessels and prolonged contact with copper should be avoided. 

Materials of Construction for Bulk Transport Because of the more severe service, construction materials for transportation usually are more restricted than for storage. Most large pipe lines are constructed of steel conforming to API Specification 5L or 5LX. Most tanks (cars, etc.) are built or pressure-vessel steels or AAR specification steels, with a few of aluminum or stainless steel. Carbon steel tanks may be hned with rubber, plastic, nickel, glass, or other materials. In many cases this is practic and cheaper than using a stainless-steel tank. Other materials for tank construction may be proposed and used if approved by the appropriate authorities (AAR and DOT). 

Subsection B This subsection contains rules pertaining to the methods of fabrication of pressure vessels. Part UW is applicable to welded vessels. Service restric tions are defined. Lethal service is for lethal substances, which are defined as poisonous gases or liquids of such a nature that a very small amount of the gas or the vapor of the liquid mixed or unmixed with air is dangerous to life when inhaled. It is stated that it is the user s responsibility to advise the designer or manufacturer if the service is lethal. All vessels in lethal service shall have all butt-welded joints fully radiographed, and when practical, joints shall be butt-welded. All vessels fabricated of carbon or low-aUoy steel shall be postweld-heat-treated. 

Vessels for high-temperature serviee may be beyond the temperature hmits of the stress tables in the ASME Codes. Sec tion TII, Division 1, makes provision for construction of pressure vessels up to 650°C (1200°F) for carbon and low-alloy steel and up to 815°C (1500°F) for stainless steels (300 series). If a vessel is required for temperatures above these values and above 103 kPa (15 Ibf/in"), it would be necessaiy, in a code state, to get permission from the state authorities to build it as a special project. Above 815°C (1500°F), even the 300 series stainless steels are weak, and creep rates increase rapidly. If the metal which resists the pressure operates at these temperatures, the vessel pressure and size will be limited. The vessel must also be expendable because its life will be short. Long exposure to high temperature may cause the metal to deteriorate and become brittle. Sometimes, however, economics favor this type of operation. 

FIG. 10-189 Cost per pound of pressure vessels (1968). For carbon steel, C = 9.05 for type 304 stainless steel, C = 25.6 and for type 316 stainless... 

The frame plates are typically epoxy-painted carbon-steel material and can be designed per most pressure vessel codes. Design limitations are in the Table 11-18. The channel plates are always an alloy material with 304SS as a minimum (see Table 11-18 for other materi s). 

The maximum pressure from an explosion of a hydrocarbon and air is 7 x initial pressure, unless it occurs in a long pipe where a standing wave can be set up. It may be cheaper to design some small vessels to withstand an explosion than to provide a safety relief system. It is typical to specify %" as minimum plate thickness (for carbon steel only). 

It may also be replaced with new carbon and disposal of the exhausted carbon Most adsorbers are pressure vessels constructed in carbon steel, stainless steel or plastic. Large systems for drinking water are often eonstructed in concrete. In some cases, a moving or pulsed bed adsorber is employed to optimixe the use of the granular activated carbon. 

Low-carbon plate and sheet are made in three qualities fully killed with silicon and aluminum, semikiUed (or balanced), and rimmed steel. Fully killed steels are used for pressure vessels. Most general-purpose structural mild steels are semikiUed steels. Rimming steels have minimum amounts of deoxidation and are used mainly as thin sheet for consumer applications. 

Low-carbon, low-alloy steels are in widespread use for fabrication-welded and forged-pressure vessels. The carbon content of these steels is usually below 0.2%, and the alloying elements that do not exceed 12% are nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, boron and copper. The principal applications of these steels are given in Table 3.8. 

In accidental releases, pressure within a vessel at time of failure is not always known. However, depending on the cause of vessel failure, an estimate of its pressure can be made. If failure is initiated by a rise in initial pressure in combination with a malfunctioning or inadequately designed pressure-relief device, the pressure at rupture will equal the vessel s failure pressure, which is usually the maximum allowable working pressure times a safety factor. For initial calculations, a usual safety factor of four can be applied for vessels made of carbon steel, although higher values are possible. (The higher the failure pressure, the more severe the effects.)... 

If failure is initiated by an increase in internal pressure in combination with a malfunctioning of the pressure relief, the pressure at failure will equal the failure pressure of the vessel. This failure pressure is usually the maximum working pressure multiplied by a safety factor. For carbon-steel vessels, this safety factor can be taken as four. Mote precise calculations ate possible if the vessel s dimensions and material parameters ate known. 

Wm. Haynes Well, we suspect that the carbonyl is formed in almost any part of the system that is composed of carbon steel, which has a temperature of about 100 °C, and which is under a high pressure of CO. So, we feel that parts of the system that would be operating under these conditions would have to be lined with copper or a relatively inert material like that. In fact, it is the practice in the methanol industry to have the vessels copper lined. 

Electrical resistance boilers use banks of fixed, immersion-type, resistance heating elements (typically sheathed in seamless copper, Incoloy 800, or 316SS) to provide an energy source that is contained within a carbon-steel pressure vessel. The vessel is provided with a sight glass and all normal boiler controls, valves, and regulators necessary for automatic operation. The vessel is generally well insulated and housed within an enameled metal cabinet. Various electrical supply options are available. 

The more expensive, corrosion-resistant, alloys are frequently used as a cladding on carbon steel. If a thick plate is needed for structural strength, as for pressure vessels, the use of clad materials can substantially reduce the cost. 

Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics. 

Estimate the thickness required for the component parts of the vessel shown in the diagram. The vessel is to operate at a pressure of 14 bar (absolute) and temperature of 300°C. The material of construction will be plain carbon steel. Welds will be fully radiographed. A corrosion allowance of 2 mm should be used. 

A vacuum distillation column is to operate under a top pressure of 50 mmHg. The plates are supported on rings 75 mm wide, 10 mm deep. The column diameter is 1 m and the plate spacing 0.5 m. Check if the support rings will act as effective stiffening rings. The material of construction is carbon steel and the maximum operating temperature 50° C. If the vessel thickness is 10 mm, check if this is sufficient. 

The vessel and jacket are made of carbon steel. The vessel will operate at atmospheric pressure and the jacket will be supplied with steam at 20 bar. Check if the thickness of the vessel and jacket is adequate for this duty. 

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