Australia nickel

Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium s separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. 

More than 200 ores are known to contain cobalt but only a few are of commercial value. The more important are arsenides and sulfides such as smaltite, C0AS2, cobaltite (or cobalt glance), CoAsS, and linnaeite, C03S4. These are invariably associated with nickel, and often also with copper and lead, and it is usually obtained as a byproduct or coproduct in the recovery of these metals. The world s major sources of cobalt are the African continent and Canada with smaller reserves in Australia and the former USSR. All the platinum metals are generally associated with each other and rhodium and iridium therefore occur wherever the other platinum metals are found. However, the relative proportions of the individual metals are by no means constant and the more important sources of rhodium are the nickel-copper-sulfide ores found in South Africa and in Sudbury, Canada, which contain about 0.1% Rh. Iridium is usually obtained from native osmiridium (Ir 50%) or iridiosmium (Ir 70%) found chiefiy in Alaska as well as South Africa. 

Total world production of nickel is in the region of 1.0 million tonnes pa of which (1995) 25% comes from the former Soviet Union, 18% from Canada, 12% from New Caledonia and 10% from Australia. The bulk of this is used in the production of alloys both ferrous and non-ferrous. In 1889 J. Riley of Glasgow published a report on the effect of adding nickel to steel. This was noticed by the US Navy who initiated the use of nickel steels in armour plating. Stainless steels contain up to 8% Ni and the use of Alnico steel for permanent magnets has already been mentioned (p. 1114). 

The principal countries where platinum and palladium are extracted (along with nickel) are South Africa, Canada and the former USSR, though significant amounts come from Colombia, China and Western Australia [14], The... 

Mayze, R. Nickel laterite processing in Western Australia. Copper, Cobalt, Nickel and Zinc Recovery, Conference, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, July 16-18, 2001, F1-F12. 

More than 90% of the world s nickel is obtained from pentlandite ((FeNi)9S8), a nickel-sulfitic mineral, mined underground in Canada and the former Soviet Union (Sevin 1980 IARC 1976 WHO 1991). One of the largest sulfitic nickel deposits is in Sudbury, Ontario (USPHS 1993). Nickeliferous sulfide deposits are also found in Manitoba, South Africa, the former Soviet Union, Finland, western Australia, and Minnesota (Norseth and Piscator 1979 USPHS 1993). Most of the rest of the nickel obtained is from nickel minerals such as laterite, a nickel oxide ore mined by open pit techniques in Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, New Caledonia, and the former Soviet Union (Sevin 1980). Lateritic ores are less well defined than sulfitic ores, although the nickel content (1 to 3%) of both ores is similar (USPHS 1993). Important deposits of laterite are located in New Caledonia, Indonesia, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, Brazil, and especially Cuba, which holds 35% of the known reserves (USPHS 1993). Nickel-rich nodules are found on the ocean floor, and nickel is also present in fossil fuels (Sevin 1980). 

In 1973, global consumption of nickel was 660,000 tons and that of the United States 235,000 tons (Sevin 1980). End uses of nickel in the United States in 1973 were transportation (21%), chemicals (15%), electrical goods (13%), fabricated metal products (10%), petroleum (9%), construction (9%), machinery (7%), and household appliances (7% IARC 1976). A similar pattern was evident for 1985 (Table 6.3). In 1988, 40% of all nickel intermediate products consumed was in the production of steel 21% was in alloys, 17% in electroplating, and 12% in super alloys (USPHS 1993). The pattern for 1985 was similar (Table 6.3). In Canada, nickel is the fourth most important mineral commodity behind copper, zinc, and gold. In 1990, Canada produced 197,000 tons of nickel worth 2.02 billion dollars and was the second largest global producer of that metal (Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro 1995). Most of the nickel used in the United States is imported from Canada and secondarily from Australia and New Caledonia (USPHS 1977). 

Caron A process for extracting nickel and cobalt from lateritic ores by reductive roasting, followed by leaching with ammoniacal ammonium carbonate solution in the presence of oxygen. Developed by M. H. Caron at The Hague in the 1920s and used in Cuba (where the location of the mine is named Nicaro, after the metal and the inventor) and in Australia. 

Gray D.J. Noble R.R.P. 2007. Nickel hydrogeochemistry of the NE Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining Restricted Report P2006/524. CRC LEME Open File Report 243R, 133 p. 

Sulfate, halide, and carbonate minerals form in mine waste as a result of chemical weathering reactions and as a by-product of mineral processing. The formation of carbonate minerals is of particular interest for its potential in offsetting greenhouse gas emissions associated with mining. We have documented secondary carbonate mineral precipitation at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine (Western Australia) and the... 

Two thioacetates, thiofurodysin acetate (320) and thiofurodysinin acetate (209) were isolated from a Dysidea species from Sydney, Australia. They were converted by treatment with Raney nickel to a mixture containing furodysin and furodysinin respectively [214], These were the first thiol acetates isolated from natural sources. The absolute configurations of (-)-(6/ ,ll/ )-thiofurodysinin acetate (209), (-)-(6/ ,ll/ )-furodysinin disulfide (208) and (+)-(6/ ,ll/ )-methoxythiofurodysinin acetate lactone (321), isolated from a Fijian specimen of D. herbacea were determined by chemical interconversion [292]. 

Small amounts of PGM have been produced in Australia for a number of years as a by-product of nickel recovery. There has been a significant increase in speculative exploration of the widespread known deposits in Western Australia, but as of this writing commercialization is not regarded as economically viable. 

In the early 1800s, the principal sources of nickel were in Germany and Scandinavia, Very large deposits of lateritic (oxide or silicate) nickel ore were discovered in New Caledonia in 1865. The sulfide ore deposits were discovered in Sudbury, Ontario in 1883 and, since 1905, have been the major source of the element, The most common ore is pentlandite, (FeNi Sg, which contains about 34% nickel. Pent-landite usually occurs with pyrrhotite, an iron-sulfide ore, and chalcopyrite. CuPeS2. See also Chalcopyrite Pentlandite and Pyrrhotite, The greatest known reserves of nickel are in Canada and Russia, although significant reserves also occur in Australia, Finland, the Republic of South Africa, and Zimbabwe. 

Skutterudite is found in moderate-temperature veins, commonly associated with other cobalt/nickel minerals, e.g., cobaltite and nickeline. The mineral was named for its occurrence at Skutterud, Norway. Important ore sources are Norway. Bohemia. Saxony, Spain. France, and New South Wales, Australia Notable occurrences are in Ontario. Canada, mainly Sudbury, South Lorrain, and Gowganda. 

Nickel plants are confined to eight major regions as shown in Fig. 4-2 New Caledonia, Australia, Southern Europe and Asia Minor, The Malay Archipelago, Cuba, Western United States, Southern Africa, and Central Brazil. Some of these regions will be discussed below, but the reader is referred to Baker and Brooks (1989) for a more complete description and discussion. 

Nickel Batteries, plating, coins, catalysts Canada, Norway, Australia 64... 

Sulfuric acid plants are located throughout the industrialized world, Fig. 2.2. Most are located near their product acid s point of use, i.e. near phosphate fertilizer plants, nickel ore leach plants and petroleum refineries. This is because elemental sulfur is cheaper to transport than sulfuric acid. Examples of long distance sulfur shipment are from natural gas purification plants in Alberta, Canada to acid plants near phosphate rock based fertilizer plants in Florida and Australia. A new sulfur-burning sulfuric acid plant (4400 tonnes of acid per day) is costing 75 million U.S. dollars (Sulfuric 2005). 

PAL II [Pressure Acid Leach] A process for extracting nickel from laterite ores. Operated in Australia. 

Table 1 gives data on the current world production of cobalt. In 2002, approximately 50% of cobalt produced worldwide was a by-product of nickel refining, while some 18% was obtained from refining secondary products and scrap metal. Newfound ore deposits in Australia and Africa are expected to add significantly to world production, with six new refining operations having been commissioned in these areas between 1999 and 2001. As can be seen in Table 2, the major use of cobalt is as a component of superalloys, which are designed for use at elevated temperatures. 

Nickel K. G. and Green D. H. (1984) The nature of the uppermost mantle beneath Victoria, Australia as deduced from Ultramahc Xenoliths. In Kimberlites, Proc. 3rd Inter. Kimberlite Conf. (ed. J. Kornprobst). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 161-178. 

Most of the nickel used in the United States is imported or obtained from recycling. As of 2008, the largest producers of nickel metal included Russia, Canada, Indonesia, Australia, and New Caledonia. One of the world s largest single deposits of nickel is located at Sudbury Basin,... 

Dr. Ernest H. Nickel CSIRO Exploration and Mining Floreat Park Laboratories Underwood Avenue Private Bag No. 5 Wembley WA 6913 Australia... 

Martin J. Gole completed his BA at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, in 1972, and initially worked as an exploration geologist before completing his PhD on Archaean banded iron formations at the University of Western Australia in 1979. He then spent 2 A years in the USA, undertaking postdoctoral research at Indiana University and Northwest Illinois University and teaching at Georgia State University. He joined the CSIRO in 1981 to work on the use of helium in exploration and, from 1984 to 1988, worked on komatiite-hosted nickel sulphide deposits. Since 1989 he has been a consultant geologist. 

Nickel, E.H., Ross, J.R. and Thornber, M.R., 1974. The supergene alteration of pyrrho-tite — pentlandite ore at Kambalda, Western Australia. Econ. Geol., 69 93—107. 

The oxygen-enriched blast has been successfully tried in the zinc sulfide concentrates roasting in fluidized-bed, multiple-hearth, and suspension roasters. As early as 1956, Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australia improved calcine grade, increased oxidation rates, and facilitated use of cold blast to the hearth roasters for better temperature controls. Other nonferrous metals, such as molybdenum, copper, nickel, and lead, that use roasters to oxidize sulfide concentrates are technically and economically amenable to oxygen enrichment. 

Comparison of the ratings of experienced raters with previously recorded industrial hygiene measurements for occupations in Australia Estimation of the levels of exposure misclassification by expert assessment in a study of lung cancer in central and eastern Europe and Liverpool Application of Bayesian framework for retrospective exposure assessment of workers in a nickel smelter Determination of the level of information required by industrial hygienists to develop reliable exposure estimates Explanation of new framework to obtain exposure estimates through the Bayesiem approach Validation of a new method for structured subjective assessment of past concentration... 

Kalgoorli Australia Yilgarn 2.7 Abundant komatiites/exploration driven by nickel mining interests... 

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