Additive sensitivity

Improvement of spectral sensitization can be accompHshed by dye combinations. The effect has been found to often be greater than the predicted additive sensitivity increase. This phenomenon is called supetsensitization (94), which is appHed most effectively to polymethine aggregates (96). 

A good sensitizing dye does not interfere with other system properties. Sensitizing dyes can sometimes influence the intrinsic response of a chemically sensitized emulsion, leading to desensitization or additional sensitization. The dye can also interfere with development rate, increase or decrease unwanted fog density, and remain as unwanted stain in the film after processing. The dye should have adequate solubihty for addition to the emulsion, but should not wander between layers in the final coating. 

Part of the design information provided by the software is the standard deviation multiplier, z, for eaeh eomponent toleranee shown in Figure 3.14 in Pareto ehart form. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is used to provide a pereentage eontribution of eaeh toleranee varianee to the final assembly toleranee varianee as shown in Figure 3.15. 

The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is used to assess the results of the LCA and evaluate the impact on the environment in the various impact categories. These impact categories include, for example, human health, GWP, energy, water use, eutrophication, ozone depletion, aquatic toxicity, and land use (ISO, 2006b). LCA may focus on one or more impact categories. The results may be normalized, weighted, and aggregated in optional steps of the LCIA for comparison to political objectives, for example. In addition, sensitivity analyses are often conducted over the entire LCA to evaluate the variation in the results due to selected factors. 

The preponderance of work on multielement analysis in seawaters has been carried out using the graphite furnace technique, as this has the additional sensitivity over the direct technique that is required in seawater analysis. 

Also the use of tapered long period gratings (TLPGs) is a step toward the use of structures with reduced cladding radius, which provide an additional sensitivity gain with respect to UV-written LPGs and are more robust than etched UV-LPGs66. 

If the antigen of interest is abundant and additional sensitivity is not required, then a two-step direct method, rather than a three-step indirect method, can be anployed. With the two-step method, the primary antibody is a biotin-labeled mouse monoclonal antibody, which is followed directly by the ABC incubation step. Because of the abundance of human immunoglobulins in tissue sections, methods for staining immunoglobulin often employ biotin-labeled mouse antihuman immunoglobulin reagents. 

The potential for additional sensitivity is clear upon analysis of the effect of FQ on excited state lifetime (r), which is merely a representation of all the excited state deactivation processes, as shown in the following equation ... 

Armor Plate Impact TestfShell Impact Test). This test was developed during WW II to provide an additional sensitivity test for HE s commonly used, and to supplement data obtained by impact and rifle-bullet tests. 

Sensitivity with an inductively coupled plasma is further enhanced by a factor of 3-10 by observing emission along the length of the plasma instead of across the diameter of the plasma. Additional sensitivity is obtained by detecting ions with a mass spectrometer instead of by optical emission (Table 21-2), as described in Section 21-6. 

In the case slight allergies ARIA recommends symptomatic treatment [7], On the other hand, the shorter the period of time during which the disease persists and the slighter the symptoms are, the higher the efficacy of immunotherapies seems to be. It will be necessary to study further whether local immunotherapies are able to prevent the risk of additional sensitizations and the aggravation of the state of disease, as is shown for subcutaneous immunotherapy [17]. Such considerations may influence the view on the onset of immunotherapies. 

Following recent studies relaying that an atopic ambiance induced by maternal factors can provoke a risk of atopic diseases in the child, it should be recognized that after birth preexisting atopic diseases present an enormous risk factor for additional sensitizations [20]. Immunotherapies are seen as a curative treatment, which reduces the severity of allergies or even cures them and thereby reduces the risk of new sensitizations. This has been well demonstrated for subcutaneous immunotherapies, but there are still no convincing results for SLIT [21,22],... 

Dual-electrode detection for CE is much simpler to implement in the microchip format and offers additional sensitivity and selectivity due to the ability to monitor reversible redox reactions as well as help for identifying peaks in complex mixtures. Dual detection with serial gold [90,91] and carbon paste [92], fibre [93] and pyrolysed photoresist [94] working electrodes was reported. 

The additional sensitivity attainable with the UPLC approach is again demonstrated in Fig 1.16. While HPLC-MS resulted in signal-to-noise (S N)... 

Warner and co-workers justify the elaborate optical/detection system and the time commitment required per analysis on the basis of the additional sensitivity available using fluorescence detection, and on the multidimensional CD information available. For applications in which two, or more CD active fluorophores may be present, the ability to provide both an excitation and emission FDCD profile for the sample may allow differentiation of the individual components without pre-separation. Replacement of the mechanical mechanism for prism movement with an electro-optical device may improve both the SNR and reduce the time required per sample. These improvements will greatly facilitate general application of this multidimensional approach to FDCD measurements. 

Derivatives for LC Detection. The lack of a universal detector for LC and the popularity of the UV detector have caused chromatographers to seek derivatization reactions that introduce UV chromophores into sample analytes. In those instances where the derivative also fluoresces, additional sensitivity can be obtained by fluorometric detection. Table 6 contains a list of the most common derivatizing reagents for this purpose. 

Sodium is still often determined by flame photometry, measuring the emission intensity of the doublet at around 589 nm, but care is necessary to make sure that excess calcium does not cause spectral interference (from molecular emission). This is unlikely to be a problem if AES is used, with a narrow spectral band-pass, and the intensity of emission at 589.0 nm from an air-acetylene flame is measured. However, at low determinant concentrations it is then advisable to add 2-5 mg ml 1 potassium or caesium as an ionization buffer. This is even more true if a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame is used for FES, although its use is rarely justified in environmental analyses because the additional sensitivity gained is rarely necessary. 

In addition to gross assessment of renal dilution or concentrating ability (as described above), quantitative evaluation of either osmolar clearance, freewater clearance (Ch2o), or solute-free water clearance (ECH2o) may add additional sensitivity to the evaluation of these functions. 

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