Atomic spectrometry coupled with flow injection

M. Yamamoto, M. Yasuda, and Y. Yamamoto, Hydride-Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Coupled with Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 1382. 

Morita, H., Sugimoto, M. and Shimomura, S. (1990) Selective determination of inorganic and total mercury by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupled with flow injection analysis. Anal. Sci., 6,91-95. 

Correct design and downscaling of the normal flow injection system allow the incorporation of a variety of analytical techniques for the detection of different chemical species. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (Wang and Chen, 2008), inductively couple plasma atomic emission spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (Wang and Hansen, 2001), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Ogata et al., 2002, 2004), and chro-matographic/electrophoretic column separation systems coupled to UV-Vis or mass spec-trometric detection (Wu et al., 2003 Quintana et al., 2006) are among the detection and separation systems that have been coupled with flow injection devices. 

In addition, for speciation coupling of flow injection analysis and column chromatography with flame AAS and also a direct coupling of HPLC with flame AAS, as is possible with high-pressure nebulization, are most powerful. Here the Cr line in the visible region can be used, which makes the application of diode laser atomic absorption spectrometry possible [325]. This has been shown recently by the example of the determination of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. 

Ebdon, L., Fisher, A., Handley, H., and Jones, P. (1993). Determination of trace metals in concentrated brines using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on-line preconcentration and matrix elimination with flow injection./. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 8(7), 979-982. 

Flow-injection (FI) on-line analyte preconcentration and matrix removal techniques greatly enhance the performance of atomic spectrometry [348], By using USN with membrane desolvation (MDS) as the interface, FI sorbent extraction can be directly coupled with ICP-MS for the analysis of organic solutions [349]. 

Flow injection manifold for coupling with atomic spectrometry. The column can be used for preconcentration, matrix removal or chromatography. 

M. Zougagh, P. C. Rudner, A. Garcia-de-Torres and J. M. Cano-Pavon, Application of Doehlert matrix and factorial designs in the optimisation of experimental variables associated with the on-line preconcentration and determination of zinc by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15(12), 2000, 1589-1594. 

E. Ivanova, F. Adams, Flow injection on-line sorption preconcentration of platinum in a knotted reactor coupled with electothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Fre-senius J. Anal. Chem., 361 (1998), 445 D450. 

Qiao-Yun Ye, Yan Li Jiang, Xiu-Ping Yan, Determination of trace cadmium in rice by flows injection on-line filterless precipitation-dissolution preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51 (2003), 2111-2114. 

X. P. Yan, Y. Li, Y. Jiang, Selective measurement of ultratrace methylmercury in fish by flow injection on-line microcolumn displacement sorption preconcentration and separation coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 75 (2003), 2251-2255. 

Gluodenis, T.J., Tyson, J.E. Elow injection systems for directly coupling on-line digestion with analytical atomic spectrometry. Part 1. Dissolution of cocoa under stopped-flow, high-pressure conditions. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 7, 301-306 (1992)... 

Limbeck, A., Rudolph, E., Hann, S., Koellensperger, G., Stingeder, G., Rendl, J. Flow injection on-line pre-concentration of platinum coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 1474—1478 (2004)... 

A.O. Jacintho, E.A.G. Zagatto, H. Bergamin-Filho, F.J. Krug, B.F. Reis, R.E. Bruns, B.R. Kowalski, Flow injection systems with inductively-coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 1. Fundamental considerations, Anal. Chim. Acta 130 (1981) 243. 

Z.H. Wang, Z.P. Zhang, Z.P. Wang, L.W. Liu, X.P. Yan, Acrylic acid grafted poly-tetrafluoroethylene fiber as new packing for flow injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of lead and cadmium in environmental and biological samples, Anal. Chim. Acta 514 (2004) 151. 

FI. Wu, Y. Jin, Y.-Q. Shi, S.-P. Bi, On-line organoselenium interference removal for inorganic selenium species by flow injection coprecipitation preconcentration coupled with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, Talanta 71 (2007) 1762. 

De Bias OJ and Mateos NR (1996) Determination of total arsenic and selenium in plants by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation and flow injection analysis coupled techniques. JAOAC Int 79 764-768. 

Ivanova E, Benkhedda K and Adams F (1998) Determination of copper, manganese and nickel in biological samples and sea-water by flow injection on-line sorption preconcentration in a knotted reactor coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J Anal Atom Spectrom 13 527—531. 

E. A. G. Zagatto, A. O. Jacintho, F. J. Krug, B. F. Reis, R. E. Bruns, and M. C. U. Araujo, Flow Injection Systems with Inductively-Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Part 2. The Generalized Standard Addition Method. Anal, Chim. Acta, 145 (1983) 169. 

Y. Israel and R. M. Barnes, Standard Addition Method in Flow Injection Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 56 (1984) 1188. 

Limbeck A, Puls C, Handler M (2007) Platinum and palladium emissions from on-road vehicles in the Kaisermtihlen tunnel (Vienna, Austria). Env Sci Technol 41 4938 945 Liu P, Su Z, Wu X, Pu Q (2002) Application of isodiphenylthiourea immobilized silica gel to flow injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for interference-free determination of trace silver, gold, palladium and platinum in geological and metallurgical samples. J Anal At Spectrom 17 125-130... 

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is used for multi-element determinations in blood and tissue samples. Detection in urine samples requires extraction of the metals with a polydithiocarbamate resin prior to digestion and analysis (NIOSH 1984a). Other satisfactory analytical methods include direct current plasma emission spectroscopy and determination by AAS, and inductively coupled argon plasma spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Patterson et al. 1992 Shaw et al. 1982). Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been used to determine very low levels of zinc in muscle tissue. This method provides very high sensitivity, low detection limits (3 ng/mL), good precision, and high selectivity at trace levels (Fernandez et al. 1992b). 

Atomic spectrometric techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal AAS (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and ICP-MS are used for the determination of elements, particularly metals. ICP-MS is the most sensitive, typically with microgram per liter detection limits and multielement capability but it has high start-up and operating costs. UV-visible spectrophotometry is also used for the determination of metal ions and anions such as nitrate and phosphate (usually by selective deriva-tization). It is a low cost and straightforward technique, and portable (handheld) instruments are available for field deployment. Flow injection (FI) provides a highly reproducible means of manipulating solution chemistry in a contamination free environment, and is often used for sample manipulation, e.g., derivatization, dilution, preconcentration and matrix removal, in conjunction with spectrometric detection. Electroanalytical techniques, particularly voltammetry and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), are... 

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