Atomic emission spectroscopy procedure

Colorimetric procedures are often used to determine copper in trace amounts. Extraction of copper using diethyldithiocarbamate can be quite selective (60,62), but the method using dithhone is preferred because of its greater sensitivity and selectivity (50—52). Atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence, and polargraphy are specific and sensitive methods for the deterrnination of trace level copper. 

The most appropriate experimental procedure is to treat the metal in UHV, controlling the state of the surface with spectroscopic techniques (low-energy electron diffraction, LEED atomic emission spectroscopy, AES), followed by rapid and protected transfer into the electrochemical cell. This assemblage is definitely appropriate for comparing UHV and electrochemical experiments. However, the effect of the contact with the solution must always be checked, possibly with a backward transfer. These aspects are discussed in further detail for specific metals later on. 

Wienke D, Lucasius C, Kateman G (1992) Multicriteria target vector optimization of analytical procedures using a genetic algorithm. Part I. Theory, numerical simulations and application to atomic emission spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 265 211... 

Nickel is normally present at very low levels in biological samples. To determine trace nickel levels in these samples accurately, sensitive and selective methods are required. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), with or without preconcentration or separation steps, are the most common methods. These methods have been adopted in standard procedures by EPA, NIOSH, lARC, and the International Union of Pure and Applied... 

Commission on spectrochemical and other optical procedures for analysis, nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis. I. General atomic emission spectroscopy. II. Data interpretation. III. Analytical flame spectroscopy and associated procedures, Spectrochim. Acta, 33B, 219, 1978. 

All raw and treated coals were analyzed at Ames Laboratory for trace, major, and minor elements using energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA). General analytical procedures employed for each of these techniques are discussed separately below. 

Phosphorus can serve as a benehcial adjunct or as a deleterious agent. There are several test methods for the determination of phosphorus. In addition to the three test methods described here, reference should also be made to multielement analysis methods such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) (ASTM D-4951, ASTM D-5185) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (ASTM D-4927, ASTM D-6443) described above in this guide. Phosphorus can also be determined by a photometric procedure (IP 148) or by a test method (ASTM D-1091) in which the organic material in the sample is destroyed, phosphorus in the sample is converted to phosphate ion by oxidation with sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide, and the magnesium pyrophosphate is determined gravimetrically. Another method (ASTM D-4047, IP 149) in which the phosphorus is converted to quinoline phosphomolybdate is also available. 

Atomic emission spectroscopy apparatus, 77,78-79t,80 procedure, 77,78-79t,80 multielement detection, 75 SIT, 31-56... 

Actual metal contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Metal particles were examined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and CO chemisorption. Details about the procedures used can be found elsewhere [9]. In the case of Pd-Ag/C catalysts, the combination of these three techniques enabled us to obtain the metal particles size and their bulk and surface composition [9, 13]. Finally, the Pt/C catalysts were tested for benzene hydrogenation, and the Pd-Ag/C catalysts were used to study mass transfer in the support during a well-known reaction the selective hydrodechlorination of 1,2-diehloroethane into ethylene. 

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) techniques are modern, sophisticated, very sensitive, and generally quite expensive. These methods have been used successfully for the determination of metals in tobacco and tobacco smoke (20A90, 20A112). The success of these two methods can be affected by the metal-solvent matrix employed. In many cases preseparation procedures and other special handling techniques are required. Each method for analysis of metals in tobacco and tobacco smoke has its own advantages and challenges. 

Turning initially to multidetection, and here first to simultaneous usage, an obvious application is to combine the gradient FIA techniques with the use of detectors that provide several signals at several values of the instrumental variables, which indeed gives FIA a doubly dynamic character. In these techniques, which have already been mentioned in Section 2.4, advantage can be taken by multidetectors, such as the fast-scan vol-tammetric detectors [288] or by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy [808] or by diode array detectors [1017, 1075, 1382]. Combined with the advantages offered by chemometrics, these multidetection procedures may in fact be extended to multideterminations. 

Frank, A. and Petersson, L.R. (1983). Selection of operating conditions and analytical procedure in multi-metal analysis of animal tissues by d.c. plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, Spectrochim. Acta, 3S, 207. 

As a double-check, the concentration of boron in aU DSDP samples was redetermined by ICP atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The chert samples were ground in a corundum mortar (Diamonite ) to pass a 200 mesh sieve, and were brought into solution following a modified version of the procedure of Nakamura et al (1992). About 200 mg of sample powder was reacted with HF, HNO3 and mannitol in sealed PFA Teflon ... 

The most common analytical procedures for measuring cadmium concentrations in biological samples use the methods of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). Methods of AAS commonly used for cadmium measurement are flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and graphite furnace (or electrothermal) atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS or ETAAS). A method for the direct determination of cadmium in solid biological matrices by slurry sampling ETAAS has been described (Taylor et al., 2000). 

Zeolites BaX, BaY, CaY, BaZSM-5, and NaZSM-5 were prepared from NaX (Aldrich), NaY (Aldrich), NaZSM-5 (Zeolyst) by standard ion-exchange procedures at 90 °C using aqueous 0.5 M BaCh (Aldrich) and CaCb (Aldrich) solutions. The Si/AI ratios for BaX, BaY (CaY), and BaZSM-5 (NaZSM-5) were determined by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) to be 2.4, 1.4, and 19, respectively. The Ba/Al ratios for BaX, BaY, and BaZSM-5 were determined to be 0.39,0.33, and 0.26, respectively. The Ca/Al ratio was determined to be 0.49. 

The earliest methods for tin analysis, namely, gravimetric and titrimetric methods, are now mainly of historical interest. Being essentially macro methods, laborious in application, they are limited and mainly useful for levels of tin in food in the 50-100 ppm range or above. The use of colorimetric analysis is associated with problems of specificity, sensitivity, and stability of the tin complexes formed. Nowadays, methods for tin analysis in biological media include the various atomic spectroscopic techniques (atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) as well as electrochemical and neutron activation procedures. 

GC with Bourier transform infrared spectroscopy (BUR) has been used for determination of chlorophenols in drinking water [95]. Before the GC-BUR analysis, the phenols were acetylated with acetic anhydride followed by off-line SPB using graphitized carbon cartridge. GC with microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used in combination with two different off-line SPB procedures [96]. Derivatization with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyldimethylphenylammonium fluoride in combination with MS detection in negative chemical ion mode has been used for the determination of chlorophenols in industrial wastewater [94]. As seen earlier, SPB sample preparation is a commonly integrated part of the overall system setup in GC analysis. The technique is treated in more detail in the following section. 

Sample introduction into the plasma is a critical part of the analytical process in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). Since the ICP is the most commonly used source, the sample introduction schemes described below will focus more on it than the other sources mentioned previously. Sample is carried into the plasma at the head of a torch by an inert gas, typically argon, flowing in the centre tube at 0.3-1.5 L min". The sample may be an aerosol, a thermally or spark generated vapour, or a fine powder. Other approaches may also be taken to facilitate the way the analyte reaches the plasma. These procedures include hydride generation and electrothermal vaporization. 

Lead particulate collected on each filter was analyzed by atomic emission spectroscopy. The procedure included digesting the filter in concentrated nitric acid to dissolve lead compounds. The solution of lead was injeeted in a Perkin-Elmer Atomie Emission Speetrophotometer model no. 2380. The total mass of lead from each filter was correlated to the total air volume and reported in mg/m. ... 

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

An alternative approach is to analyze the samples using procedures or instrumentation that will give the maximum amount of data for each sample. For example, recent advances in atomic spectroscopy, i.e., inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), allow 20 to 30 elements to be detected simultaneously. 

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