Atomic absorption spectrometry bismuth

For the deterrnination of trace amounts of bismuth, atomic absorption spectrometry is probably the most sensitive method. A procedure involving the generation of bismuthine by the use of sodium borohydride followed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry has been described (6). The sensitivity of this method is given as 10 pg/0.0044M, where M is an absorbance unit the precision is 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. The low neutron cross section of bismuth virtually rules out any deterrnination of bismuth based on neutron absorption or neutron activation. 

Backmank S, Karlsson RW (1979) Determination of lead, bismuth, zinc, silver and antimony in steel and nickel-base alloys by atomic-absorption spectrometry using direct atomization of solid samples in a graphite furnace. Analyst 104 1017-1029. 

Acar 0, Kn ic Z, Turker AR (1999) Determination of bismuth, indium and lead in geological and sea-water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with nickel containing chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 382 329-338. 

Shijo et al. [95] converted bismuth in seawater into its dithiocarbamate complex, and then extracted the complex into xylene prior to determination in amounts down to 0.3 ppt by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Soo [96] determined picogram amounts of bismuth in seawater by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. The bismuth is reduced in solution by sodium borohydride to bismuthine, stripped with helium gas, and collected in situ in a modified carbon rod atomiser. The collected bismuth is subsequently atomised by increasing the atomiser temperature and detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absolute detection limit is 3pg of bismuth. The precision of the method is 2.2% for 150 pg and 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. Concentrations of bismuth found in the Pacific Ocean ranged from < 0.003-0.085 (dissolved) and 0.13-0.2 ng/1 (total). 

The collection behaviour of chromium species was examined as follows. Seawater (400 ml) spiked with 10-8 M Crm, CrVI, and Crm organic complexes labelled with 51Cr was adjusted to the desired pH by hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. An appropriate amount of hydrated iron (III) or bismuth oxide was added the oxide precipitates were prepared separately and washed thoroughly with distilled water before use [200]. After about 24 h, the samples were filtered on 0.4 pm nucleopore filters. The separated precipitates were dissolved with hydrochloric acid, and the solutions thus obtained were used for /-activity measurements. In the examination of solvent extraction, chromium was measured by using 51Cr, while iron and bismuth were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The decomposition of organic complexes and other procedures were also examined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Rodionova and Ivanov [667] used chelate extraction in the determination of copper, bismuth, lead, cadmium, and zinc in seawater. The metal complexes of diethyl and dithiophosphates are extracted in carbon tetrachloride prior to determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

Zhe-Ming et al. [142] have described a method for the determination of down to lmg kgy1 of bismuth in river sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with low temperature atomization in argon hydrogen (90 10). 

C. Moscoso-Perez, J. Moreda-Pineiro, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui, E. Fernandez-Fernandez and D. Prada-Rodriguez, Bismuth determination in environmental samples by hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 1(5), 2003, 633-642. 

K. G. Fernandes, M. de Moraes, J. A. Gomes Neto, J. A. Nobrega, Evaluation and application of bismuth as an internal standard for the determination of lead in wines by simultaneous electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Analyst, 127 (2002), 157-162. 

While in Europe most limit tests use the method of standard additions, the United States Pharmacopoeia [84] requires that an aliquot of the test element equal to the set limit be added to the sample. If the response of the sample solution is less than the difference between the sample solution and sample plus aliquot (control) solution, it passes the test. Such a test may be used to limit sodium in other alkali salts. Atomic absorption spectrometry using the air/acetylene flame has been shown to be sufficient to test lead contamination in bismuth subcarbonate [114] and in zinc oxide and carbonate [115]. Miller [88] has reviewed such applications. 

DETERMINATION OF ANTIMONY, BISMUTH AND TIN IN POLLUTION AEROSOLS BY HYDRIDE GENERATION AND ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY... 

Atmospheric particulates, collected on Whatman 41 cellulose filters, are decomposed with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide for subsequent determination of antimony and bismuth and with sulfuric acid and nitric acid for tin. Each element is analyzed independently by hydride generation/atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization of instrumental as well as chemical parameters is described. The precision of the entire procedure is generally better than 10%. The detection limits are 0.25 ng m" for antimony and tin and 0.13 ng m for bismuth if 400 m of air are filtered and a 2 ml aliquot of the initial 50 ml sample solution is analyzed. 

The composition of the reaction mixture was determined by HPLC and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The bismuth and palladium losses from the catalysts in the reaction mixture during the catalytic tests were determined by analyzing the collected filtrates by atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical conditions were described elsewhere [8]. 

The most sensitive method for the determination of bismuth is atomic absorption spectrometry in conjunction with graphite tube atomization. Bismuth has at least five atom lines suitable for determination strong lines at 278, 289.8, 293.8 and 306.9 nm and a weak line at 267.9 nm. A detection limit of 0.05 ppm has been reported for this procedure. 

Chen SY, Zhang ZF and Yu HM (2002) Determination of trace bismuth by flow injection-hydride generation collection-atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Bioanalyt Chem 374(1) 126-130. 

Lee DS (1982) Determination of bismuth in environmental samples byfiameless atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. Anal Chem 54 1682-1686. 

Kuldveee a (1989) Extraction of geological materials with mineral acids for the determination of arsenic, antimony, bismuth and selenium by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst 114 125-131. 

O. Astrom, Flow Injection Analysis for the Determination of Bismuth by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Hydride Generation. Anal. Chem., 54 (1982) 90. 

N. Zhou, W. Freeh, and E. Lundberg, Rapid Determination of Lead, Bismuth, Antimony and Silver in Steels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Combined with Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 153 (1983) 23. 

After preconcentration, these samples can then be back-extracted into a similar solvent or into a matrix that is more compatible with the detection system. The use of SIA with bead injection was demonstrated for the preconcentration of nickel and bismuth on a cation-exchange resin prior to detection by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) or ICP-MS. 

If the nonionic surfactant is extracted from water into an organic solvent as its potassium tetrathiocyanatozincate(II) complex, its original concentration can be related to the concentration of zinc in the extract, as determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (117) or visible spectrophotometry (118). The gravimetric barium chloride/molybdophosphoric acid method for determination of nonionics has also been adapted to an atomic absorption finish, with the residual molybdenum being determined in the supernate after centrifugation (45). Similarly, the bismuth in the barium/ethoxylated surfactant/tetraiodobismuthate precipitate can be determined by AAS (52). This procedure is discussed with gravimetric analysis. 

Berndt et al. [740] have shown that traces of bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, indium, nickel, lead, thallium, and zinc could be separated from samples of seawater, mineral water, and drinking water by complexation with the ammonium salt of pyrrolidine- 1-dithiocarboxylic acid, followed by filtration through a filter covered with a layer of active carbon. Sample volumes could range from 100 ml to 10 litres. The elements were dissolved in nitric acid and then determined by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

Fig. 2.3. Absorbance as a function of optical density for selected shock tube investigations employing OH electronic absorption spectrometry. The unmarked curve represents the semi-empirical relationship derived in Reference 37, evaluated at a pressure (5 1 atm) and temperature (1520 K) typical of recombination experiments in an argon diluent. Tlie curves labelled 6 1, 3 1 and 1 3 were empirically determined over a selected range of recombination pressures and temperatures for mixtures dilute in argon with those particular initial H2/O2 ratios (Reference 32). The curve identified by HJ (Reference 24) was empirically determined in a 1 % Hg-l % 02-98 % Ar mixture at 1300 K for a selected range of pressures. The cross-hatched area represents the approximate range of absorbances and optical densities observed with an atomic bismuth line source (Reference 41). Also shown are the line HH derived from photographic spectroscopy using instrumental definition of absorption line centres on a continuum (Reference 48), and a solid circle (beyond the range of the abscissa) denoting the photoelectric absorbance reported in Reference 47 for a continuum source at an optical density of 750 x 10" moles liter cm.

---