Testing of lead

The last step of the drug discovery process involves the testing of lead compounds to address issues such as efficacy, bioavailability, and safety. Testing may include in vitro assays but ultimately would require a suitable disease model and studies in animals. Many compounds may need to be designed and synthesized to identify the one compound with all the desired properties. Such a compound can be advanced to preclinical studies and eventually to the clinic. 

Trauzl Test of Lead Block Expansion Test, see Vol 1, pp XXV XXVI... 

Y. B. Acar and A. N. Alshawabkeh, J. Geotech. Eng. March, 1996, p. 173 and p. 186. Pilot-scale tests of lead removal from kaolinite. 

Figure 19. Impact tests of lead azide and lead azide with different liquids [56] Picatinny Arsenal apparatus 1-kg weight dropped at indicated heights 20 samples per data point.

Figure 7. Simulated and engine tests of lead poisoning O, single-cylinder engine data and A, simulated data...

Franke, N., von Hippel, E., and Schreier, M. (2006), "Finding commercially attractive user innovations A test of Lead-User Theroiy," Journal of Product Innovation Management 23 (4), 301-15. 

S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies Summary Report (1995). 

Figure 7.7. In vitro screening of (a) first generation and (b) second generation lipidoids in HeLa cells. In vivo testing of lead lipidoids in (c) mice (d) 98Ni2-5 in rats, and (E) 98Ni2-5 in non-human primates. [Reproduced with permission from Ref. 63.]...

Four years later, Thomson (1848) described clinical lead toxicity in English residents poisoned from lead-piped and cistern-stored domestic water for general consumption in two close-by villages, Weybridge and Chertsey (Addlestone). He further described some chemical analytical testing of lead in domestic waters. Thomson s case reports were shortly followed by those of Robertson (1851), who described in Lancet a mass lead poisoning of children at a girl s school, traced to a leaded cistern. 

Mehta, N., Cheng, G., Cordaro, E., Naik, N., Lateer, B., Hu, C., Stec, D., Yang, K. Performance testing of lead-free stab detonator. In Proceedings of NDIA Fuze Conference, 2006... 

General requirements and tests of lead starter batteries and the details of electrical and mechanical examinations which are to be carried out for motor vehicle starter batteries are described in DIN EN 60 095-1 1993. It eminated from the international standard IEC95-1 1988 and is valid in the EU and associated countries. 

Lead interferes with the biosynthesis of haem and this results in a build up of its precursors, e.g. 8-aminolaevulinic acid and coproporphyrin III. Thus other indirect tests of lead poisoning... 

T. Woodrow, Reliability and Leachate Testing of Lead-Free Solder Joints, IPC Lead-Free Conference Proc., May 2002 (CD-ROM)... 

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