Lines of weakness

The out-of-plane vibrations of thiazole correspond to C-type vibration-rotation bands and the in-plane vibrations to A, B, or (A + B) hybrid-type bands (Fig, 1-9). The Raman diffusion lines of weak intensity were assigned to A"-type oscillations and the more intense and polarized lines to A vibration modes (Fig. I-IO and Table 1-23). 

Corrosion is a complex phenomenon tnat may take any one or more of several forms. It is usually confined to the metal surface, and this is called general corrosion. But it sometimes occurs along grain boundaries or other lines of weakness because of a difference in resistance to attack or local elec trolytic action. 

All large lumps or particles contain cracks, microcracks or lines of weakness. Any normal particle structure will contain imperfections, dislocations and... 

An important task for theory in the quest for experimental verification of N4 is to provide spectral characteristics that allow its detection. The early computational studies focused on the use of infrared (IR) spectroscopy for the detection process. Unfortunately, due to the high symmetry of N4(7)/) (1), the IR spectrum has only one line of weak intensity [37], Still, this single transition could be used for detection pending that isotopic labeling is employed. Lee and Martin has recently published a very accurate quartic force field of 1, which has allowed the prediction of both absolute frequencies and isotopic shifts that can directly be used for assignment of experimental spectra (see Table 1.) [16]. The force field was computed at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ level with additional corrections for core-correlation effects. The IR-spectrum of N4(T>2 ) (3) consists of two lines, which both have very low intensities [37], To our knowledge, high level calculations of the vibrational frequencies have so far only been performed... 

Temperature change due to diurnal temperature variation and by freeze-thaw cycles can create significant pressures that will cause rock to split along lines of weakness. 

When rocks and minerals are stressed above their tensile strength they break. Commonly, rocks fracture along joints, fissures, or planes that have developed during cooling, tectonism, sedimentary processes, or along lines of weakness at the mineral grain boundaries. When buried rock masses are... 

Figure 4.2). These die forms create a more tortuous flow path which avoids localised orientation by introducing changes in flow direction until the pipe extrudate achieves a uniform, isotropic, microstructure in the pipe wall. PVC and other more amorphous polymers such as ABS, PMMA and PC can still be extruded with the more free-flowing spider mounted dies without creating lines of weakness. 

Structureless No observable aggregation or no orderly arrangement of natural lines of weakness. 

Bolted and welded construction A first distinction must be made according to the form of joint that is used in metal silo constmction. Many smaller steel silos have bolted joints, and where these are present, every stress developing in the wall, at every point, must be transmitted through a joint. The joints are lines of weakness, so they should be made stronger than is strictly necessary. Careful attention should be paid to edge distances, and it is most desirable that the weakest failure mode of the joint should be by bearing rather than bolt shear, since the latter is not very ductile and lack of fit in the joints may cause... 

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