Absorption bismuth

Serfontein and Mekel found that a survey of the literature on bismuth toxicity in man in relation to blood-level data shows the necessity of distinguishing between lipid-soluble and water-soluble organic complexes of bismuth on the one hand, and the simple inorganic salts of bismuth on the other. A characteristic feature of the former, illustrated by the water-soluble bismuth complex triglycollamate, is the high bismuth levels and the nephrotoxic properties of the compound in man. Bismuth absorption after administration of the simple inorganic salts of bismuth is postulated to occur in the form of ionic bismuth. 

Nwokolo CU, Prewett EJ, Sawyer AA, et al. Lack of bismuth absorption from bismuth subnitrate (Roter) tablets. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1989 5 433. 

Bismuth absorption through the skin is of interest in relation to the use of its compounds in oil-based cosmetics. Toxic symptoms have been reported (Kruger et al. 1976), but normally these are minimal. The efficacy of intramuscular injections of bismuth depends on the solubility of the compounds in both body water and tissues. Water-soluble compounds are readily absorbed within 24-48 hours (Prino and Klantschnigg 1960) hence, bismuth thio-glycollate, which is both water- and tissue-soluble, is rapidly absorbed. Oil suspensions of insoluble bismuth compounds are often precipitated locally, and this may cause a foreign body reaction and/or abscess formation, though the same effect can occur with water-soluble compounds. 

Most Bi compounds are soluble in water only to a small extent. Bismuth absorption is poor in the gastrointestinal tract 0.027-0.20% of administered Bi may be absorbed [4,33]. There exists... 

The secondary bismuth absorption line at 306.772 nm is a doublet and directly overlaps with a rotational band of the OH molecule, as shown in Figure 6.3. Here the application of least-squares BC in F AAS is required in order to improve the SNR and to avoid potential interferences (refer to Section 8.1.1). 

Figure 6.3 Secondary bismuth absorption line at 306.772 nm (a), and OH bands of the air/acetylene flame within the same spectral interval (b)...

A significantly different simation is faced in the case of the bismuth absorption line at 306.772 nm, which directly overlaps with a molecular absorption band of OH, as shown in Figure 8.2 (a). In this case least-squares BC not only corrects for the noise in the vicinity of the atomic line, as shown in Figure 8.2 (b), but also improves significantly the SNR of the measurement, and hence the LOD that can be obtained at that absorption line. 

For the deterrnination of trace amounts of bismuth, atomic absorption spectrometry is probably the most sensitive method. A procedure involving the generation of bismuthine by the use of sodium borohydride followed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry has been described (6). The sensitivity of this method is given as 10 pg/0.0044M, where M is an absorbance unit the precision is 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. The low neutron cross section of bismuth virtually rules out any deterrnination of bismuth based on neutron absorption or neutron activation. 

Backmank S, Karlsson RW (1979) Determination of lead, bismuth, zinc, silver and antimony in steel and nickel-base alloys by atomic-absorption spectrometry using direct atomization of solid samples in a graphite furnace. Analyst 104 1017-1029. 

Acar 0, Kn ic Z, Turker AR (1999) Determination of bismuth, indium and lead in geological and sea-water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with nickel containing chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 382 329-338. 

Selenium is extracted as diethyldithiocarbamate complex from the solution containing citrate and EDTA [5]. Ohta and Suzuki [6] found that only a few elements, such as copper, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, are also extracted together with selenium. They examined this for effects of hundredfold amounts of elements co-extracted with the selenium diethyldithiocarbamate complex. An appreciable improvement of interferences from diverse elements was observed in the presence of copper. Silver depressed the selenium absorption in the case of atomisation of diethyldithiocarbamate complex, but the interference of silver was suppressed in the presence of copper. The atomisation profile from diethyldithiocarbamate complex was identical with that from selenide. 

Shijo et al. [95] converted bismuth in seawater into its dithiocarbamate complex, and then extracted the complex into xylene prior to determination in amounts down to 0.3 ppt by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Soo [96] determined picogram amounts of bismuth in seawater by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. The bismuth is reduced in solution by sodium borohydride to bismuthine, stripped with helium gas, and collected in situ in a modified carbon rod atomiser. The collected bismuth is subsequently atomised by increasing the atomiser temperature and detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absolute detection limit is 3pg of bismuth. The precision of the method is 2.2% for 150 pg and 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. Concentrations of bismuth found in the Pacific Ocean ranged from < 0.003-0.085 (dissolved) and 0.13-0.2 ng/1 (total). 

The collection behaviour of chromium species was examined as follows. Seawater (400 ml) spiked with 10-8 M Crm, CrVI, and Crm organic complexes labelled with 51Cr was adjusted to the desired pH by hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. An appropriate amount of hydrated iron (III) or bismuth oxide was added the oxide precipitates were prepared separately and washed thoroughly with distilled water before use [200]. After about 24 h, the samples were filtered on 0.4 pm nucleopore filters. The separated precipitates were dissolved with hydrochloric acid, and the solutions thus obtained were used for /-activity measurements. In the examination of solvent extraction, chromium was measured by using 51Cr, while iron and bismuth were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The decomposition of organic complexes and other procedures were also examined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Rodionova and Ivanov [667] used chelate extraction in the determination of copper, bismuth, lead, cadmium, and zinc in seawater. The metal complexes of diethyl and dithiophosphates are extracted in carbon tetrachloride prior to determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Berndt et al. [740] have shown that traces of bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, indium, nickel, lead, thallium, and zinc could be separated from samples of seawater, mineral water, and drinking water by complexation with the ammonium salt of pyrrolidine- 1-dithiocarboxylic acid, followed by filtration through a filter covered with a layer of active carbon. Sample volumes could range from 100 ml to 10 litres. The elements were dissolved in nitric acid and then determined by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

Zhe-Ming et al. [142] have described a method for the determination of down to lmg kgy1 of bismuth in river sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with low temperature atomization in argon hydrogen (90 10). 

Lee [2] using a hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric method has investigated the bioaccumulation of bismuth on marine sediment samples collected in Narragensett Bay and the North Pacific Ocean. 

Uses. Low melting solders, low melting alloys and metallurgical additives. Bismuth is a metal with some unusual properties like Ge and Ga its volume increases in solidification. It is the most diamagnetic metal, its alloys show large thermoelectric effect with the exception of Be has the lowest absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons. 

Pharmacokinetics BSS undergoes chemical dissociation in the Gl tract. Two BSS tablets yield 204 mg salicylate. Following ingestion, salicylate is absorbed, with greater than 90% recovered in the urine plasma levels are similar to levels achieved after a comparable dose of aspirin. Absorption of bismuth is negligible. 

Crystal structures of the bismuth molybdate and of the mixed iron and cobalt solid solution molybdate samples were controlled by X-ray diffraction (10). The chemical compositions of the samples were determined by atomic absorption and their surface areas measured by nitrogen adsorption using the BET method. 

Before bismuth-promotion the Pt-on-alumina catalyst was pre-reduced in water with hydrogen. The pH was decreased to 3 with acetic acid and the appropriate amount of bismuth nitrate dissolved in water (10 - lO " M) was added into the mixed slurry in 15-20 min, in a hydrogen atmosphere. Promotion of unsupported Pt was carried out similarly. The metal composition of the bimetallic catalysts was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Two bismuth compounds are available bismuth subsalicylate, a nonprescription formulation containing bismuth and salicylate, and bismuth subcitrate potassium. In the USA, bismuth subcitrate is available only as a combination prescription product that also contains metronidazole and tetracycline for the treatment of H pylori. Bismuth subsalicylate undergoes rapid dissociation within the stomach, allowing absorption of salicylate. Over 99% of the bismuth appears in the stool. Although minimal (< 1%), bismuth is absorbed it is stored in many tissues and has slow renal excretion. Salicylate (like aspirin) is readily absorbed and excreted in the urine. 

Treatment of cyclopropane 1 with one equivalent of dry BiCl3 in methylene chloride results in an exothermic reaction producing monoakylbismuth derivative 16 in 80% yield Eq. (19) [11]. Addition of another equivalent of the cyclopropane then affords the dialkylated bismuth species 17, which in turn reacts with BiCl3 to give the monoalkyl species. IR absorptions due to the carbonyl groups indicate the chelate structures shown. The two propionate moieties in the dialkylated compound 17 give rise to two distinctive carbonyl bands in the IR spectrum,... 

Of the above three s ions, most data have been obtained for Pb . The reason is that this ion gives the best Sq -> Pj absorption spectrum the bismuth(III) spectral band tends to be somewhat broad (see above) and the thallium (I) band often has a shoulder, or even consists of two distinct maxima, an effect which has been attributed possibly to the Jahn-TeUer effect in the excited state (75). From Eq. (2) and data in... 

C. Moscoso-Perez, J. Moreda-Pineiro, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui, E. Fernandez-Fernandez and D. Prada-Rodriguez, Bismuth determination in environmental samples by hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 1(5), 2003, 633-642. 

---