Consumer price index

The analysis of the contribution made by increased pharmaceutical spending to the growth in the per capita intensity of health resources suffers from major measurement problems that deprive available indicators of any value. Traditional pharmaceutical price indexes (such as the Laspeyres index, used to calculate the pharmaceutical component of the consumer price index) provide little relevant information in a market in which the introduction of therapeutic innovations is of prime importance the indexes show an apparent freeze, and sometimes even a steep drop (as in the Spanish case). However, the steady rise in the average price per prescription paints a very different picture. 

Rovira s proposals22 regarding drug price indexes are still relevant today. Lobato19 considers that the consumer price index (CPI) is not a suitable deflator for series of pharmaceutical expenditure (it leads to absurd conclusions real consumption would not have risen between 1969 and 1989). A deflator built on authorized price reviews leads to the opposite result, likewise illogical (the Social Security demand cannot have risen 12.5 times between 1969 and 1989). Consequently, the author constructs an ad hoc deflator which... 

Consumers contributions to the cost of their medicines are limited by safety net thresholds, which are adjusted annually in relation to the consumer price index (CPI). Under the PBS the maximum cost for a listed item on 1 January 2005 is AUD 4.60 for concessional patients and AUD 28.60 for general patients, except where... 

Estimating equation (7.1) yielded an estimate of p of 0.0054 (f-stat = 3.01). This implies that the overall unweighted mean annual rate of FSS price increase of vaccine products during the period 1993-2002 was 0.54%. During the same period, the mean annual rate of increase of the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 2.44%. Hence this implies that the realESS price (the ratio of the nominal FSS price to the Consumer Price Index) declined at an average annual rate of 1.90%. 

We also estimated a variant of equation (7.1), in which the continuous variable fwas replacedby a set ofbinary variables for year (a variable for 1993, 1994, etc.). The coefficients on these year variables, which show changes in the vaccine price index, crude and adjusted for the Consumer Price Index,... 

Between 1993 and 1999, the FSS declined 11%, while the Consumer Price Index increased 15%. Hence, the real or relative price of vaccines decreased about 26% in this period. In contrast, from 1999 to 2002, the vaccine price index increased 19%, while the Consumer Price Index increased by 8% the real or relative price of vaccines increased about 11% in this period. 

The Centers for Disease Control data indicate that the nominal price of vaccines was quite stable from 1992 to 1995. It increased about 7% in 1996, but then declined, and was at about the same level in 1999 as it had been in 1992. Since the Consumer Price Index increased by 15% between 1992 and 1999, this implies that the real or relative price of vaccines declined by about 15% between 1992 and 1999. However, between 1999 and 2002, the nominal price of vaccines purchased by Centers for Disease Control increased 20%, and the real price increased 12%. 

CPIX Consumer Price Index - excluding certain interest rates... 

This exercise requires appropriate computer software. The computations required can be done with RATS, EViews, Stata, TSP, LIMDEP, and a variety of other software using only preprogrammed procedures.) Quarterly data on the consumer price index for 1950.1 to 2000.4 are given in Appendix Table F5.1. Use these data to fit the model proposed by Engle and Kraft (1983). The model is n, - / 0 + P 7I,-1 + fhXt-2 + + Pi.1t,.4 + ,... 

CliC CLIVAR CLRTAP CM CO COADS COLA COP CORP CPI CPL CPR CRC CRF CRP CRS CSD CSIRO Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project CLImate VARiability and predictability Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Climate Model Carbon monoxide Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set Center of the Ocean-Land-Atmosphere system study Conference of the Parties Chinese Ozone Research Program Consumer Price Index Cloud Physics Lidar Continuous Plankton Recorder program Chemical Rubber Company Cloud Radiative Forcing Conservation Reserve Program Cloud Radar System Commission on Sustainable Development Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research... 

Consumer Price Index (CPI) A measure of the average change in consumer prices over time in a fixed market basket of goods and services, such as food, clothing and housing. The CPI is calculated by the U.S. Federal Government and is considered to be one measure of inflation. 

These amounts are adjusted each year in concert with the consumer price index as a result, the amount of a maintenance fee that is due for an issued patent needs to be checked before its payment. The first patent maintenance fee must be paid in... 

Figure 6.15. Damage cost estimates per ton of NOx emission. Best estimates or geometric average of upper and lower bound estimates, inflated to 2001 based on Consumer Price Index.

Benefits have been greatly expanded since 1993. In addition, tax credits are pegged to increases in the Consumer Price Index. The benefits are somewhat less for families with fewer children, but even families without children receive benefits. Unlike the WOTC and the WWTC, which focus on new hires, the tax credit entitlement is available to anyone with positive earnings filing a tax return, regardless of whether or not that person is a new worker. 

Suppose the consumer price index increased by a total of 10 percent between 1990 and 1995. Then, the inflation-adjusted baseline weighted average manufacturer s price in 1995 would be ... 

One primary approach to controlling the government s pharmaceutical bill has been to enact copayment requirements, determined annually according to the Australian consumer price index (125,178). In August 1992, the patient copayment per prescription was A 15.90 for general beneficiaries (to a maximum per year of A 30, then AS2.60 to a maximum of an additional A 51.60 that year), and A 2.60 for retirees32 (up to a maximum per year of AS135.20) (178). 

Both the price review measures and the efforts to stimulate R D appear to have been successful in moderating price increases so far. From January 1987 to December 1991, patented drug prices increased at a rate of 2.9 percent annually, compared with an annual increase of 4.7 percent in the Canadian consumer price index.37 The PMPRB reported that in its first 18 months of operation, compliance with the pricing limits was around 70 percent. Most of the cases where prices were deemed excessive were resolved, with a few exceptions where complicated circumstances delayed a solution. As of June 1992, the Board had not reported any incidents in which a patent was revoked in favor of compulsory licenses (31 1). The Board also reported that in the existing drug category, prices actually increased less rapidly than general inflation (309,310,31 1). 

Ihc Consumer Price Index average annual increase for 1975 to 2004 was 4.42 percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator, 1 in 1975 was equivalent to 3.51 in 2004), data.bles.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl accessed September 8, 2006. 

Model development started with analysis of the behavior of the real price of platinum overtime. The nominal price was deflated by the consumer price index. Preliminary analysis indicates that the mean real price may be constant over a 100 year span however, statistical tests are being performed to validate this result (see Figure 5). Excursions from the mean real price can be accounted for by specific events, for example, World War I and the U.S. regulations on automotive emissions. However, over time, the supply and demand come back into balance through increases in production or substitution of non-PGM materials. 

Figure 5. U.S. Geological Survey Platinum Prices with Consumer Price Index (CPI) Deflator...

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