Oceans sources

The oceanic burden in December 2004 shows the contamination of the ocean after 50 years of PFOA emissions (Figure 3.14). Highest PFOA burden is located in the northern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and the Arctic ocean. Contaminations of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific can be related to the vicinity to the oceanic source. PFOA in remote regions, however, such as in the Arctic must have been transported via atmosphere or ocean. MPI-MTCM does not simulate degradation of PFOA from volatile, highly mobile precursor substances, that contribute to the ocean burden in the Arctic by deposition. Then annual dry and wet deposition rates of PFOA in the model are small compared to the mass emitted directly to the ocean. This implies that the burden in the Arctic is results mainly from oceanic long-range transport. 

All these circumstances have lead the industry to begin searching for a new source of energy an alternative and completely petroleum-independent power source. Several technologies are being researched, such as biomass (bio-diesel, ethanol), renewable ocean sources (wave, tidal, and thermal), hydrogen, and many more. 

Figure 6. Summary of existing Mo isotope data from natural samples. Isotopic composition of ocean source is based on mass balance (see text). Data are presented as 5 Mo and S Mo relative to the Rochester JMC standard (5 Mo 2/3 x 5 Mo). References ( ) McManus et al. 2002 (t) Siebert et al. 2003 ( ) Barling et ah 2001 ( ) Arnold et al. 2004. Molybdenite values of Wieser and DeLaeter (2003) are omitted because of standard normalization problems (see text). Data obtained by different research groups using different standards are cross-calibrated by comparing seawater 5 values.

The temperature and salinity of 99% of ooean water are represented by points with the stippled area enclosed by the 99% oontour. The shaded area represents the range of temperature and salinity of 75% of the water in the world ocean. Source From Gross, M. G. (1987). Oceanography A View of the Earth, 4th ed. Prentice Flail, Inc., p. 164. 

Annually averaged salinity of surface seawater In the world s oceans. Source-. After Levltus, S. (1982). Climatological atlas of the world ocean. NOAA Professional Paper 13, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. (See companion website for color version.)... 

Sediment thickness in meters to acoustic basement in the worid ocean. Source-. After Divins, D. L. Sediment thickness of the worid s oceans marginai seas. Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http //www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick/sedthick.htmi. (See companion website for coior version.)... 

Distribution of warm- and cool-water shelf carbonate In the modern-day ocean. Source From Mackenzie, F. T, and A. Lerman (2006). Carbon in the Geobiosphere Earth s Outer Shett. Springer-Veriag, p. 283. 

General distribution of Fe-Mn nodules in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Source-. From Kennett, J. (1982). Marine Geology, Prentice Flail, Inc., p. 500. After Cronan, D. S. (1977). Marine Manganese Deposits, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 11-44. 

Conceptual cartoon of the various pools of refractory, semilabile, and labile DOC in the open ocean. Source-. From Carlson, C. A. (2002). Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissoived Organic Matter, Academic Press, pp. 91-151. 

Distribution of organic nitrogen in the surficial sediments of the world ocean. Source-. From Premuzic, E. T, et al. (1982). Organic Geochemistry 4, 63-77. 

Anbar, A. D., Y. L. Yung, and F. P. Chavez, Methyl Bromide Ocean Sources, Ocean Sinks, and Climate Sensitivity, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 175-190(1996). 

Major sources of industrial inon-tuel) minerals are shown in Table i. Ocean Sources of Minerals... 

Dordrecht, Y. Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Beyond, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Ml, 1995. Fitzgerald, W.F., Gill, G.A., and JP. Kim An Equatorial Pacific Ocean Source of Atmospheric Mercury," Science, 224, 597-599 (1984). 

Dichloromethane is a widely used industrial and academic laboratory solvent. New natural sources are recognized subsequent to the previous review, although the amounts are small compared to industrial emissions (Table 3.2). These include estimates of biomass combustion (256, 283, 286), oceanic sources (250, 253, 256, 275, 302), wetlands (275), and volcanoes (216, 217). Macroalgae (Desmarestia... 

The approximate distribution pattern of ocean sources and sinks of atmospheric C02 is known the tropical basins of the oceans are mostly sources of C02, and high-latitude basins are sinks of C02. The role of rivers is reduced mainly to the transport of carbon to the coastal zone of the World Ocean ( 1 GtCyr-1). 

When comparing DMS sources in estuaries to the shelf and open ocean sources it is clear that estuaries are not a significant source to the atmosphere (table 12.3 Sciare et al., 2002). However, as mentioned earlier, COS and CS2 may represent potentially important sources of S in estuaries (Watts, 2000 Sciare et al., 2002). Concentrations of both these compounds have been found to be 5 to 50 times higher than in coastal and... 

Seiler and Junge (226) cited measurements in the upper troposphere ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 ppm in both hemispheres, with an average value of 0.13 ppm and rather constant surface values of 0.1 to 0.12 ppm at the equator and 10°S. They found no diurnal variation, and none of their measurements dropped below 0.09 ppm. Sharply increased values approaching 0.2 ppm were reported for the air over the North Atlantic, which they attribute to an ocean source of CO. 

Acidification by NH4HSO4 aerosols from ocean sources... 

Gioia, R., Nizzetto, L., et al. (2008) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air and seawater of the Atlantic Ocean sources, trends and processes. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(5) 1416-1422. 

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