Asthma, cardiac

Dyspnea Dyspnea is shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. The victim is usually quite aware of the unusual breathing pattern. Shortness of breath can be an indicator of many physical ailments including simple exertion, a panic attack, a blow to the chest, asthma, cardiac disease, as well as exposure to toxic chemicals. If a person is suffering from shortness of breath, evaluate them for additional symptoms and possible exposures. Keep the victim in a sitting position. Remove the victim to fresh air, if possible, and seek medical attention. 

Influenza vaccine. Influenza vaccine is recommended annually for children age > 6 months with certain risk factors (including but not limited to asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, HIV, diabetes see MMWR. 2001 50(RR-4) 1-44), and can be administered to all others wishing to obtain immunity. Children aged <12 years should receive vaccine in a dosage appropriate for their age (0.25 mL if age 6-35 months or 0.5 mL if age >3 years). Children aged <8 years who are receiving influenza vaccine for the first time should receive two doses separated by at least 4 weeks. 

The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered to all age groups and risk populations. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered yearly to children older than 6 months of age at risk for complications from influenza, such as those with asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and other conditions that compromise respiratory function. Healthy children 6 to 23 months of age should be vaccinated because of the increased risk for influenza-related... 

K+ channels K-atp Rat brain Diabetes, asthma, cardiac arrythmia, angina, cardiac and cerebral ischemia, thrombosis, hypertension, incontinence, pain, neurogenic inflammation, epilepsy, stroke, hair growth Control of insulin release, vasodilatation, protection against cell ischemia... 

Norepinephrine NE transporter Human cDNA Depression, Alzheimer s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, angina, asthma, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, hypertension, artherosclerosis, narcolepsy, orthostatic hypotension, prostatic hyperplasia, rhinitis, diabetes, diarrhea, glaucoma, impotence, obesity, opiate withdrawal pain, Raynaud s disease, preterm labor pain Modulation of norepinephrine concentration in the neuronal synaptic clefts, neuroprotection... 

OTHER DISEASES ASTHMA, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, HUNTINGTON S DISEASE etc. 

This complex, cardiostimulatory and vasodilating action is expressed by a significant increase of cardiac ontput and stroke volnme. In response to activation of j32-adrenorecep-tors, bronchodilation also increases. Isoproterenol is used in bronchospasms, asthma, cardiac block, and shock. Synonyms of isoproterenol are protemol, isoprenaline, isadrine, norisodrine, novodrin, and others. 

Fluid retention Fluid retention may occur therefore, conditions influenced by this factor (epilepsy, migraine, asthma, cardiac, or renal dysfunction) require careful observation. 

Use with caution in conditions which might be aggravated by anticholinergic therapy (eg, prostatic hypertrophy, stenosing peptic ulcer, pyloroduodenal obstruction, bladder neck obstruction, narrow angle glaucoma, bronchial asthma, cardiac arrhythmias). 

In a four-tier system, usually the emergent category is subcategorized to identify those conditions that must be treated immediately (stat or 1 A) versus rapidly (within a few minutes or IB). Stat conditions would be classified as lA problems and would include conditions such as cardiac arrest, airway obstruction, or hemorrhage with shock, whereas IB problems would include asthma, cardiac dysrhythmia with stable blood pressure, or heavy bleeding but no tachycardia. 

Along with ACE inhibitors, -blockers used to be first choice drugs for hypertension (in the absence of asthma/cardiac failure/insulin dependent diabetes) either alone or together with diuretics. However, they are no longer recommended except in younger people who... 

Have medical diagnoses been excluded E.g. asthma, cardiac, hyperthyroidism... 

Common side effects of theophylline therapy include headache, dyspepsia, and nausea. More serious side effects such as lethal seizures or cardiac arrythmias can occur if blood levels are too high. Many derivatives of theophylline have been prepared in an effort to discover an analogue without these limitations (60,61). However, the most universal solution has resulted from the development of reHable sustained release formulations. This technology limits the peaks and valleys in semm blood levels that occur with frequent dosing of immediate release formulations. ControUed release addresses the problems inherent in a dmg which is rapidly metabolized but which is toxic at levels ( >20 7g/mL) that are only slightly higher than the therapeutically efficacious ones (10—20 p.g/mL). Furthermore, such once-a-day formulations taken just before bedtime have proven especially beneficial in the control of nocturnal asthma (27,50,62). 

Selective AR agonists are undergoing clinical trials for cardiac arrhythmias and pain (Ai) cardiac imaging and inflammation (A2a) colon cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and dry eye (A3). Selective AR antagonists are either in or advancing toward clinical trials for kidney disorders (Ax) Parkinson s disease (A2a) diabetes and asthma (A2B) cancer and glaucoma (A3). 

Inhaled NO has been used for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn infants, critical respiratory failure of preterm infants, and acute hypertension of adult cardiac surgery patients. PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil are also effective for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The combination of PDE-5 and NO inhalation yields additive beneficial effects on pulmonary hemodynamics. On the other hand, measurement of exhaled NO is a noninvasive and reproducible test that is a surrogate measure of airway inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma. 

Injection shock, bronchospasm during anesthesia, cardiac standstill and arrhythmias Inhalation acute bronchial asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, bronchiectasis... 

Both carvedilol and labetalol are contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drag, bronchial asthma, decompensated heart failure, and severe bradycardia The drugs are used cautiously in patients with drag-controlled congestive heart failure, chronic bronchitis, impaired hepatic or cardiac function, in those with diabetes, and during pregnancy (Category C) and lactation. 

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