Neuron synaptic

Adenosine is not a classical neurotransmitter because it is not stored in neuronal synaptic granules or released in quanta. It is generally thought of as a neuromodulator that gains access to the extracellular space in part from the breakdown of extracellular adenine nucleotides and in part by translocation from the cytoplasm of cells by nucleoside transport proteins, particularly in stressed or ischemic tissues (Fig. 17-2C). Extracellular adenosine is rapidly removed in part by reuptake into cells and conversion to AMP by adenosine kinase and in part by degradation to inosine by adenosine deaminases. Adenosine deaminase is mainly cytosolic but it also occurs as a cell surface ectoenzyme. 

Norepinephrine NE transporter Human cDNA Depression, Alzheimer s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, angina, asthma, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, hypertension, artherosclerosis, narcolepsy, orthostatic hypotension, prostatic hyperplasia, rhinitis, diabetes, diarrhea, glaucoma, impotence, obesity, opiate withdrawal pain, Raynaud s disease, preterm labor pain Modulation of norepinephrine concentration in the neuronal synaptic clefts, neuroprotection... 

Nishiyama H, Knopfel T, Endo S, Itohara S. 2002. Glial protein S100B modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(6) 4037-4042. 

Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by (1) parenchymal amyloid deposits or neuiitic plaques (2) intraneuronal deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (3) cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and (4) synaptic loss." Current treatment for AD in most countries consists in the administration of AChEIs to increase the amount of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuronal synaptic cleft by inhibiting AChE, based on the finding that ACh is dramatically low in the brains of AD patients. AChE is an enzyme that breaks down ACh, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is required for normal brain activity and is critical in the process of forming memories. 

Synaptophysin - 38-kD membrane component of neuron synaptic vesicles Synthetic human synaptophysin peptide coupled to ovalbumin Cell Marque NA HIER... 

Fontan-Lozano A, Lopez-Uuch G, Delgado-Garcia JM, Navas P, Carrion AM (2008) Molecular bases of caloric restriction regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 38 167-177... 

The recent development of these electrochemical techniques for the study of vesicular release from single cells provides a powerful tool for the study of chemical signaling in the nervous system. However, the application of these methods to mammalian neurons is difficult, mainly due to size constraints, the extremely small quantities of chemical transmitter released at a single synaptic vesicle, and the complex working enviromnent of nerve cell cultures [15]. Neuronal synaptic vesicles are only about 50 mn in diameter and have been estimated... 

Schengrund, C.-L., and Nelson, J. T., 1975, Influence of cation concentration of the sialidase activity of neuronal synaptic membranes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63 217-223. 

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